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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

LIBRARY. 
"•OS  ANGELES,  GAL,f, 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES 


BY 

WILLIAM  ALPHONSO  MURRILL,  A.M.,  PH.D. 

ASSISTANT  DIRECTOR   OF   THE   NEW  YORK  BOTANICAL  GARDEN 

ASSOCIATE    EDITOR  OF   NORTH   AMERICAN  FLORA 

EDITOR  OF   MYCOLOGIA 


NEW  YORK 

PUBLISHED    BY  THE  AUTHOR 
1914 


58565 


Copyright,  1914 
By  WILLIAM  ALPHONSO  MURRILL 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPAN 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


v> 

P7 


1 


(Q 

PREFACE 

JJ  Polypores  are  tough  or  woody  fungi  found  chiefly  on  wood  in 

the  form  of  brackets  of  various  shapes  and  sizes,  the  fruiting 
surface  being  composed  of  tubes  or  furrows.  Sometimes  the 
walls  of  these  tubes  split  with  age  and  the  hymenium  appears 
spiny,  resembling  the  hydnums;  sometimes  the  furrows  change 
with  age  to  appear  like  gills.  When  the  fruit-body  is  perennial, 
4  the  tubes  are  often  arranged  in  layers.  The  family  may  be 

*         divided  into  four  groups,  the  resupinates,  the  annual  poroid 

s  L  species,  the  perennial  poroid  species,  and  the  agaric-like  species. 
The  resupinate  species  cannot  be  satisfactorily  studied  without 
the  advantages  of  a  large  herbarium  and  are  therefore  omitted 
here,  but  some  of  the  larger  species  of  the  other  groups  are  com- 
paratively easy. 

Polypores  as  a  class  are  very  destructive  to  trees  and  timber. 

^«  On  the  other  hand,  one  species  possesses  medicinal  properties, 
some  of  the  encrusted  species  supply  tinder,  and  several  of  the 
more  juicy  ones  are  excellent  for  food  if  collected  when  young. 
The  only  species  recognized  as  poisonous  is  the  medicinal  one, 
Fames  Laricis,  and  it  is  so  tough  and  bitter  that  no  one  would 
think  of  eating  it. 

Polypores  are  very  easily  collected  and  preserved  and  they 
largely  retain  their  characters  when  dried,  which  makes  them 
excellent  objects  for  class  study  during  the  winter  months. 
Many  of  them,  also,  remain  in  situ  during  the  winter  in  perfect 
condition  for  collecting.  As  a  group,  they  lend  themselves 
remarkably  well  to  studies  in  gross  and  minute  anatomy,  vari- 
ation, adaptation,  and  injurious  effects  on  trees  and  structural 
timbers. 

North  America  may  be  conveniently  divided  into  five  regions: 
(i)  eastern  Canada  and  the  northern  United  States  southward 
to  the  southern  boundaries  of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and 
Kansas,  and  westward  to  the  western  boundaries  of  Kansas, 
Nebraska,  and  the  Dakotas;  (2)  the  southern  United  States, 


iv  PREFACE 

including  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Arkansas, 
Oklahoma,  Texas,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Alabama,  Georgia, 
and  the  northern  portion  of  Florida;  (3)  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region,  including  the  remainder  of  the  western  United  States 
and  Canada  with  the  exception  of  states  bordering  on  the 
Pacific  Ocean;  (4)  the  far  West,  including  California,  Oregon, 
Washington,  British  Columbia,  and  Alaska;  and  (5)  tropical 
North  America,  including  Mexico,  Central  America,  southern 
Florida,  the  Bermudas,  the  West  Indies,  and  all  other  islands 
between  North  America  and  South  America  with  the  exception 
of  Trinidad. 

In  all  these  regions,  there  is  an  abundance  of  work  still  to 
be  done  before  our  knowledge  of  the  polypores  is  complete,  and 
it  is  believed  that  the  publication  of  a  series  of  books  treating  the 
species  of  each  region  separately  will  stimulate  effort  in  this 
direction. 

The  terms  here  used  to  express  the  abundance  of  a  species  are 
"rare"  or  "occasional,"  "rather  frequent,"  "frequent,"  "rather 
common,"  "common,"  "very  common,"  and  "extremely 
common."  For  the  sake  of  brevity,  certain  liberties  have  been 
taken  with  the  term  "brown,"  especially  in  the  keys,  where  it  is 
often  used  as  a  general  term  for  some  shade  of  yellowish-brown 
or  brown.  In  the  same  way,  allowances  must  be  made  for  the 
term  "throughout"  when  used  to  indicate  occurrence,  which 
does  not  imply  the  actual  presence  of  a  given  species  on  every 
snowcapped  mountain  or  every  treeless  prairie  within  the  region. 

A  few  species  described  in  recent  years  are  not  here  included 
because  they  would  require  citation  and  discussion  beyond  our 
present  scope.  There  is  good  reason  to  believe,  also,  that  two 
or  three  European  species  not  here  listed  occur  rarely  in  our 
region,  but  an  exact  statement  regarding  their  occurrence 
requires  additional  field  work. 

W.  A.  MURRILL. 

NEW  YORK  BOTANICAL  GARDEN, 
October  13,  1914. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

Including  the  pileate  species  occurring  in  eastern  Canada  and 
the  northern  United  States  southward  to  the  southern  boundaries 
of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Kansas,  and  westward  to 
the  western  boundaries  of  Kansas,  Nebraska,  and  the  Dakotas. 

POLYPORACEAE 

Hymenophore  annual  or  perennial;  context  fleshy- tough, 
corky,  or  woody;  hymenium  poroid  or  lamelloid,  fleshy  to  woody, 
never  gelatinous. 

Hymenium  porose. 

Hymenophore  annual.  Tribe  i.  POLYPOREAE. 

Hymenophore  perennial.1  Tribe  2.  FOMITEAE. 

Hymenium  furrowed.2  Tribe  3.  DAEDALEAE. 

Tribe  i.  POLYPOREAE.  Hymenophore  variable  in  size  and  shape,  fleshy- tough 
to  corky,  annual,  sometimes  reviving;  surface  encrusted  or  anoderm,  glabrous 
or  hairy,  zonate  or  azonate;  context  fibrous,  rarely  punky,  variously  colored; 
tubes  cylindric,  sometimes  splitting  into  teeth,  usually  thin-walled;  spores 
rounded  or  oblong,  brown  or  hyaline;  cystidia  frequently  present;  surface  of 
pileus  never  conidia-bearing;  stipe  often  present,  variously  attached. 

Context  white. 

Hymenophore  sessile. 

Tubes  hexagonal,  arranged  in  radiating  rows;  context 

thin.  ii.  HEXAGONA. 

Tubes  mostly  shallow,  marginal  and  obsolete;  hy- 
menium hydnoid  or  irpiciform  at  a  very  early 
stage.  i.  IRPICIPORUS. 

Tubes  normally  poroid,  sometimes  irpiciform  from 

the  rupture  of  the  dissepiments  at  maturity. 
Hymenium  at  length  separating  smoothly  from 

the  context.  9.  PIPTOPORUS. 

Hymenium  not  separating  as  above. 

Context  duplex,  spongy  above,  firm  below; 

surface  sodden  and  bibulous.  6.  SPONGIPELLIS. 

1  Elfvingia  lobata  is  an  exception.     Porodaedalea  is  closely  allied  to  the  Daeda- 
leae.     Cryptoporus  should  be  in  a  distinct  tribe. 

2  Cerrena  shows  an  irpiciform  hymenium  at  maturity,  much  resembling  species 
of  Coriolus.     Daedalea  and  Gloeophyllum  sometimes  show  poroid  forms  that  are 
very  confusing. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES 


Context  not  duplex  as  above. 

Pileus  fleshy-tough  to  woody  and  rigid. 
Hymenium  more  or  less  smoke-colored 

at  maturity.  7.  BJERKANDERA. 

Hymenium  white  or  pallid. 

Context  fleshy  to  fleshy-tough,  fri- 
able when  dry.  5.  TYROMYCES. 
Context  punky  to  corky,  not  friable 

when  dry.  8.  TRAMETES. 

Pileus  thin,   leathery,   and   more  or  less 

flexible,  surface  usually  zonate. 
Hymenophore    preceded    by    a    cup- 
shaped  sterile  body.  2.  PORONIDULUS. 
Hymenophore  not  as  above. 

Hymenophore  normally  pileate; 
tubes  small  and  nearly  always 
regular.  3.  CORIOLUS. 

Hymenophore      semiresupinate; 
tubes  large  and  irregular.  4.  CORIOLELLUS. 

Hymenophore  stipitate. 

Stipe  compound.  15.  GRIFOLA. 

Stipe  simple. 

Plants  fleshy,  terrestrial.  14.  SCUTIGER. 

Plants  tough,  epixylous. 

Tubes  large,  hexagonal  and  radially  elongate 

from  the  first.  n.  HEXAGONA. 

Tubes  not  as   above;    except   in   Polyporus 

caudicinus. 

Pileus  inverted,  erumpent  from  lenticels.       10.  PORODISCULUS. 
Pileus  erect  or  lateral,  not  erumpent. 

Context  duplex,  spongy  above,  woody 

below.  13.  ABORTIPORUS. 

Context  homogeneous,  firm.  12.  POLYPORUS. 

Context  bright-colored,  yellow  or  red;  hymenophore  sessile. 
Pores  red  or  reddish. 

Tubes  unchanged  on  drying. 

Tubes  fragile;  surface  anoderm.  16.  PYCNOPORELLU& 

Tubes  firm  and  regular;  surface  pelliculose.  17.  PYCNOPORUS. 

Tubes  orange-colored,  becoming  dark  and  resinous 

on  drying.  18.  AURANTIPORUS. 

Pores  yellow;  plants  very  large.  19.  LAETIPORUS. 

Context  brown. 

Hymenophore  sessile. 
Spores  hyaline. 

Context  light-brown. 

Context   at   first   fleshy,    becoming   slightly 

corky.  24.  ISCHNODERMA. 

Context  tough  from  the  first. 

Surface  encrusted.  25.  ANTRODIA. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  3 

Surface  not  encrusted. 

Surface  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  23.  HAPALOPILUS. 

Surface  distinctly  hairy. 

Tubes  small  and  regular.  21.  CORIOLOPSIS. 

Tubes  large  and  irregular.  22.  FUNALIA. 

Context  dark-brown. 

Context  friable.  27.  PHAEOLUS. 

Context  tough. 

Tubes  entire.  21.  CORIOLOPSIS. 

Tubes  soon  splitting  into  teeth.  20.  CERRENELLA. 

Spores  brown.  26.  INONOTUS. 

Hymenophore  stipitate. 

Spores  hyaline.  27.  PHAEOLUS. 

Spores  brown. 

Pileus  inverted,  pendant.  28.  COLTRICIELLA. 

Pileus  erect,  stipe  central.  29.  COLTRICIA. 

Tribe  2.  FOMITEAE.  Hymenophore  large,  woody,  perennial,  rarely  small  or 
annual;  surface  anoderm  or  encrusted,  usually  sulcate,  sometimes  varnished; 
context  punky  or  woody,  variously  colored;  tubes  cylindric,  usually  thick- 
walled;  spores  rounded,  smooth  or  verrucose,  hyaline  or  brown;  cystidia  fre- 
quently present;  surface  of  pileus  conidia-bearing  in  a  few  species;  stipe  rarely 
present,  the  hymenophore  usually  being  sufficiently  elevated  by  its  host. 
Annual  forms  and  species  in  a  few  genera  connect  this  group  with  the  Poly- 
poreae;  while  the  tendency  at  times  to  produce  a  daedaleoid  hymenium,  shown 
especially  in  Porodaedalea,  connects  it  with  the  Daedaleae. 

Tubes  at  first  concealed  by  a  volva.  30.  CRYPTOPORUS. 

Tubes  free  from  the  first. 

Surface  of  hymenophore  covered  with  reddish-brown 

varnish;  context  punky  to  corky.  38.  GANODERMA. 

Surface  of  hymenophore  not  as  above. 

Context  white,  flesh-colored,  or  wood-colored.  31.  FOMES. 

Context  brown  or  latericeous. 

Surface  not  encrusted;  or,  if  so,  context  woody. 
Hymenium  porose. 

Spores  hyaline.  32.  PYROPOLYPORUS. 

Spores  brown.  33.  FULVIFOMES. 

Hymenium  porose-daedaleoid.  34.  PORODAEDALEA. 

Surface  encrusted ;  context  punky. 

Hymenophore  subsessile,  cespitose.  35-  GLOBIFOMES. 

Hymenophore  sessile,  simple  or  imbricate. 

Spores  hyaline  or  subhyaline.  36.  ELFVINGIELLA. 

Spores  decidedly  brown.  37.  ELFVINGIA. 

Tribe  3.  DAEDALEAE.  Hymenium  annual,  very  rarely  perennial,  coriaceous  to 
woody,  variable  in  size;  surface  anoderm,  hairy  or  glabrous,  variously  marked; 
context  white  or  brown,  fibrous,  woody,  or  punky;  hymenium  exceedingly 
variable,  normally  labyrinthiform  or  lamelloid,  but  often  poroid  or  even  irpici- 
form,  never  stratified;  spores  smooth,  brown  or  hyaline.  Poroid  and  irpiciform 


4  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

plants  of  this  group  are  difficult  to  separate  from  certain  species  of  Polyporeae, 
forms  of  Daedalea  confragosa  in  particular  being  troublesome  to  the  beginner. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  is  little  to  cause  confusion  between  this  group  and 
the  Fomiteae,  if  we  except  the  single  distinctly  perennial  species  of  Daedalea 
and  the  daedaleoid  forms  of  Porodaedalea. 

Context  white  or  wood-colored. 

Hymenium  labyrinthiform,  often  becoming  lamellate  or 

irpiciform. 

Hymenium  very  soon  becoming  irpiciform.  39.  CERRENA. 

Hymenium  rarely  becoming  irpiciform  and  then  not 

until  maturity.  40.  DAEDALEA. 

Hymenium  lamellate  from  the  first,  not  becoming  irpici- 
form. 41.  LENZITES. 
Context  brown. 

Hymenophore  sessile,  furrows  radiate.  42.  GLOEOPHYLLUM^ 

Hymenophore  centrally  stipitate,  furrows  concentric.          43.  CYCLOPORUS. 

I.     IRPICIPORUS   Murrill 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  sessile,  effused-reflexed, 
white  or  pallid  throughout;  surface  anoderm,  glabrous  or  velvety, 
not  distinctly  zonate,  margin  acute;  context  white,  coriaceous  or 
corky;  hymenium  hydnoid  or  irpiciform,  with  traces  of  shallow, 
obsolete  tubes  near  the  margin;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

Teeth  i  cm.  or  more  long;  pileus  usually  large  and  thick.  i.  7.  mollis. 

Teeth  less  than  0.5  cm.  long;  pileus  thin  and  shortly  reflexed.  2.  7.  lacteus. 

i.     IRPICIPORUS  MOLLIS  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Murrill 

Pileus  sessile,  dimidiate,  imbricate,  decurrent,  3-4  X  4-8 
X  1-3  cm.;  surface  white,  finely  pubescent,  azonate,  sulcate  at 
times,  often  aculeate  behind  with  age;  context  white,  coriaceous, 
1-5  mm.  thick;  tubes  soon  splitting  into  teeth,  which  are  1-2 
cm.  long,  compressed  to  subulate,  slender,  more  or  less  pointed, 
dentate  or  incised,  puberulent  to  glabrous,  white  to  pale-flesh- 
colored,  about  i  mm.  apart  at  the  base;  spores  globose,  5-7  /JL. 

Frequent  on  dead  or  diseased  trunks  of  deciduous  trees  through- 
out, sometimes  growing  near  the  tops  of  trees. 

2.     IRPICIPORUS  LACTEUS  (Fries)  Murrill 

Pileus  extensively  effused,  shortly  reflexed,  imbricate,  dimidi- 
ate, laterally  connate,  0-1.5  X  1-4  X  0.1-0.2  cm.;  surface  white, 
subzonate,  concentrically  furrowed  in  large  specimens,  villose; 
margin  very  thin,  deflexed,  undulate  to  lobed;  context  mem- 
branous, less  than  I  mm.  thick;  tubes  short,  irregular,  white  to 
isabelline,  1-3  mm.  long,  mouths  angular,  about  2  to  a  mm., 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  5 

edges  uneven,  soon  splitting  into  teeth,  which  are  compressed, 
pointed,  fimbriate,  dentate  to  incised;  spores  cylindric,  slightly 
curved,  smooth,  6-7  X  2-3  fj.. 

Extremely  common  throughout  on  dead  branches  and  trunks 
of  deciduous  trees. 

2.     PORONIDULUS   Murrill 

Hymenophore  annual,  tough,  sessile,  epixylous,  at  first  sterile 
and  cup-like,  the  fertile  portion  developing  from  the  sterile; 
context  white,  fibrous;  tubes  short,  thin-walled,  mouths  poly- 
gonal; spores  ellipsoid,  smooth,  hyaline. 

i.     PORONIDULUS  CONCHIFER  (Schw.)  Murrill 

Pileus  thin,  coriaceous,  dimidiate  to  flabelliform,  usually 
narrowly  attached,  conchate,  springing  from  a  sterile,  cup-like 
structure,  which  usually  appears  on  the  mature  sporophore  near 
the  base,  1.5-2  X  2-4  X  0.1-0.2  cm.;  surface  white  to  isabelline, 
with  pale-latericeous  zones,  finely  tomentose  to  glabrous,  the 
sterile  portion  avellaneous,  with  narrow,  black,  concentric  lines; 
margin  thin,  concolorous,  undulate;  context  very  thin,  mem- 
branous, less  than  I  mm.  in  thickness;  tubes  short,  about  I  mm. 
long,  thin-walled,  white,  mouths  angular,  irregular,  3  to  a  mm., 
edges  thin,  uneven,  dentate. 

Very  common  throughout  on  dead  elm  branches. 

3.     CORIOLUS   Quel. 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  sessile,  zonate,  anoderm, 
hairy  or  glabrous;  context  thin,  white,  flexible,  fibrous,  leathery; 
tubes  thin-walled,  white,  at  length  splitting  into  irpiciform  teeth 
in  several  species,  mouths  polygonal  or  irregular;  spores  smooth, 
hyaline. 

Tubes  more  or  less  entire,  at  least  until  the  sporophore  is 

quite  old. 

Surface  of  pileus  wholly  or  partly  glabrous  when 
mature  or  clothed  only  with  inconspicuous  hairs. 
Pileus  not  entirely  glabrous  at  maturity. 

Pileus  marked  at  maturity  with  glabrous  zones 
of  a  different  color  from  the  rest  of  the 
surface. 

Glabrous  zones  large,  numerous,  conspicu- 
ously and  variously  colored.  i.  C.  versicolar. 
Glabrous  zones  small   and   comparatively 
inconspicuous.                                                    2.  C.  pubescens. 


6  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

Pileus  not  marked  with  glabrous  zones,  but 
nearly  uniform  in  color  and  rarely  shining; 
narrowly  reflexed.  3.  C.  subluteus. 

Pileus  entirely  glabrous  at  maturity. 

Surface  brown  or  blackish,  multizonate.  4.  C.  planellus. 

Surface  white  to  isabelline  or  pale-fulvous, 
multizonate,  the  zones  usually  pale- 
latericeous. 

Surface  rough,  scabrous.  5.  C.  Lloydii. 

Surface  very  smooth  and  glabrous.  6.  C.  concentricus. 

Surface  of  pileus  clothed  entirely  with  a  conspicuous 

hairy  covering. 

Surface  roughly  hirsute.  7.  C.  nigromarginatus. 

Surface  finely  hirtose-tomentose.  8.  C.  subchartaceus. 

Tubes  soon  breaking  up  into  long,  irpiciform  teeth. 

Plants  large,  5-10  cm.  broad.  9.  C.  molliusculus. 

Plants  much  smaller  and  always  very  thin. 

Surface  ashy-white,  villose;  plants  confined  to  coni- 
ferous wood.  10.  C.  abietinus. 
Surface  wood-colored,  tomentose;  plant  found  on 

both  deciduous  and  coniferous  wood.  n.  C.  prolificans. 

I.      CORIOLUS  VERSICOLOR    (L.)    Qu61. 

Pileus  densely  imbricate,  very  thin,  dimidiate,  conchate, 
2-4  X  3-7  X  0.1-0.2  cm.;  surface  smooth,  velvety,  shining, 
marked  with  conspicuous,  glabrous  zones  of  various  colors, 
mostly  latericeous,  bay,  or  black;  margin  thin,  sterile,  entire; 
context  thin,  membranous;  tubes  punctiform,  less  than  I  mm. 
long,  white  to  isabelline  within,  mouths  circular  to  angular, 
regular,  even,  4-5  to  a  mm.,  edges  thick  and  entire,  becoming 
thin  and  dentate,  white,  glistening,  at  length  opaque-isabelline 
or  slightly  umbrinous;  spores  allantoid,  4-6  X  1-2  /x. 

Extremely  common  throughout  on  all  forms  of  dead  wood. 
It  also  causes  a  serious  root-rot  in  many  trees  and  is  a  wound 
parasite  in  Catalpa. 

2.     CORIOLUS  PUBESCENS  (Schum.)  Murrill 

Pileus  rather  thick,  imbricate,  laterally  connate,  dimidiate  or 
flabelliform,  conchate,  3-5  X  4-8  X  0.2-0.4  cm.;  surface  white, 
zonate,  hirtose-villose  to  nearly  glabrous,  finely  radiate-lineate 
in  front  at  times,  often  radiately-fur rowed  or  slightly  plicate; 
margin  at  times  thin,  but  usually  obtuse,  somewhat  inflexed; 
context  thin,  white,  fibrous,  1-2  mm.  thick;  tubes  white,  2-4 
mm.  long,  mouths  angular,  regular,  2-3  to  a  mm.,  edges  very 
thin,  entire  to  denticulate,  white  to  discolored;  spores  cylindric, 
subcurved,  6-8  X  2-3  /*. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  7 

Very  common  on  dead  deciduous  wood  throughout  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  region  southward  to  New  York  and  Ohio. 

3.     CORIOLUS  SUBLUTEUS  (Ellis  &  Ev.)  Murrill 

Pileus  broadly  effused,  narrowly  reflexed,  thick,  white,  sub- 
imbricate,  the  reflexed  portion  0-2  X  2-4  X  0.5-1  cm.;  surface 
smooth,  tomentose,  indistinctly  zonate;  margin  obtuse,  undu- 
late; context  soft  and  spongy,  white,  3-5  mm.  thick;  hymenium 
uneven,  subcolliculose ;  tubes  circular  to  angular  or  slightly 
sinuous,  5-10  mm.  long,  white  within,  mouths  large,  2-3  to  a 
mm.,  edges  thin,  white  to  yellowish,  entire  to  slightly  toothed; 
spores  oblong,  slightly  pointed,  4-6  X  1.5-2  ju. 

Found  once  on  dead  beech  trunks  in  eastern  Canada. 

4.    CORIOLUS  PLANELLUS  Murrill 

Pileus  very  thin,  leathery,  somewhat  fragile,  circular  to 
spatulate  or  flabelliform,  narrowly  attached,  decurrent  at  times, 
i~3  X  1.5-2.5  X  0.05  cm.;  surface  finely  tomentose  when 
young,  becoming  glabrous  and  slightly  encrusted,  conspicuously 
multizonate,  isabelline  to  umbrinous  with  brown  or  black  zones; 
margin  very  thin,  lobed,  often  somewhat  proliferous;  context 
pallid,  membranous;  tubes  punctiform,  white  within,  often  more 
or  less  radiately  arranged,  mouths  minute,  angular,  about  6 
to  a  mm.,  edges  white  to  slightly  yellowish  and  finally  discolored, 
very  thin,  easily  splitting,  denticulate. 

Occasional  on  dead  branches  of  deciduous  trees  in  New 
England,  New  York,  Iowa,  and  Missouri. 

5.     CORIOLUS  LLOYDII  Murrill 

Pileus  rather  thin,  laterally  connate,  rigid,  tough,  cuneate  to 
flabelliform,  applanate,  tubercular-sessile,  2-3  X  3-4  X  0.2-0.4 
cm.;  surface  white  to  isabelline,  scabrous,  somewhat  rugose, 
marked  with  a  few  narrow,  indistinct,  pale-latericeous  zones; 
margin  thin,  fertile,  irregular,  lobed;  context  punky-fibrous, 
white,  1.5-2  mm.  thick;  tubes  1-1.5  mm.  long,  white  within, 
mouths  angular,  subglistening,  4  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  firm, 
dentate,  white  to  isabelline;  spores  globose,  2  p. 

Collected  once  on  dead  wood  at  Mammoth  Cave,  Kentucky. 

6.     CORIOLUS  CONCENTRICUS  Murrill 

Pileus  thin,  firm,  slightly  flexible,  flabelliform,  conchate, 
depressed  behind,  attached  by  a  narrow  base,  4  X  6  X  0.2-0.4 


8  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

cm.;  surface  glabrous,  indistinctly  zonate,  subshining,  white  to 
pale-isabelline,  latericeous  behind,  the  zones  tinged  with  pale- 
latericeous;  margin  very  thin,  lobed,  concolorous,  glabrous; 
context  white,  fibrous,  I  mm.  thick;  tubes  slender,  2-3  mm. 
long,  white  within,  mouths  regular,  angular,  3  to  a  mm.,  edges 
thin,  firm,  denticulate,  white  to  pale-isabelline  in  dried  speci- 
mens ;  spores  globose,  3  p. 

Collected  once  on  dead  wood  at  London,  Ontario. 

7.      CORIOLUS   NIGROMARGINATUS    (Schw.)    Murrill 

Pileus  confluent-effused,  more  or  less  imbricate,  dimidiate, 
applanate,  corky-leathery,  rather  thick,  flexible  or  rigid,  3-5 
X  5-8  X  0.3-0.8  cm.;  surface  conspicuously  hirsute,  isabelline 
to  cinereous,  concentrically  furrowed  and  zoned;  margin  at 
length  thin,  often  fuliginous,  sterile,  finely  strigose-tomentose, 
entire  or  undulate;  context  white,  thin,  fibrous,  spongy  above, 
1-4  mm.  thick;  tubes  white,  1-2  mm.  long,  mouths  circular  to 
angular,  4  to  a  mm.,  quite  regular,  edges  thin,  firm,  tough,  entire, 
white  to  yellowish  or  umbrmous;  spores  cylindric,  slightly 
curved,  2.5-3  /*• 

Extremely  common  throughout  on  all  forms  of  dead  deciduous 
wood. 

8.     CORIOLUS  SUBCHARTACEUS  Murrill 

Piieus  rather  thick,  imbricate,  dimidiate,  conchate,  rigid, 
tough,  3-5  X  5-8  X  0.5-1.5  cm.;  surface  nearly  smooth,  finely 
hirtose-tomentose,  avellaneous,  indistinctly  multizonate;  margin 
cremeous,  villose,  thin,  sterile,  becoming  black  when  bruised; 
context  white,  radiate-fibrous,  zonate,  firm,  2-3  mm.  thick; 
tubes  rather  long,  slender,  3-6  mm.,  white  within,  mouths 
circular  to  angular,  rather  irregular  with  age,  2-3  to  a  mm., 
edges  at  first  thick,  entire,  becoming  thin  and  finally  lacerate- 
dentate,  white  to  avellaneous,  glistening;  spores  ovoid,  5  /*• 

Occasional  on  dead  poplar  in  Wisconsin,  as  well  as  in  Colorado 
and  Utah. 

9.     CORIOLUS  MOLLIUSCULUS  (Berk.)  Murrill,  comb.  nov. 

Pileus  effused-reflexed,  imbricate,  laterally  connate,  the 
reflexed  portion  dimidiate,  conchate,  2-5  X  5-12  X  0.3-0.7  cm.; 
surface  white,  obscurely  zonate,  nearly  smooth,  somewhat  silky, 
fibrillose-tomentose ;  margin  acute  or  obtuse,  undulate  to  lobed; 
context  soft-corky,  white,  1-2  mm.  thick;  tubes  3-5  mm.  long, 
white  to  discolored  within,  mouths  large  and  irregular,  variable 
in  size,  averaging  2  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  lacerate-dentate,  white 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  9 

to  discolored  or  light-bay;  spores  oblong,  slightly  curved,  7-9 
X  2.5-3  M- 

Common  throughout  on  dead  deciduous  wood.  C.  biformis 
(Kl.)  Pat.  has  been  the  usually  accepted  name  for  this  species. 

10.     CORIOLUS  ABIETINUS  (Dicks.)  Quel. 

Pileus  effused-reflexed,  the  reflexed  portion  thin,  tough,  flexible 
to  nearly  rigid,  0.5-1.5  X  1-3  X  0.05-0.1  cm.;  surface  obsoletely 
zonate,  grayish-white,  villose;  margin  thin,  undulate  to  lobed, 
fimbriate  with  age,  incurved  on  drying;  context  very  thin,  white, 
membranous;  tubes  uneven,  irregular,  soon  becoming  irpiciform, 
mouths  variable  in  size,  2-3  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  lacerate- 
dentate,  unequal,  pallid  or  violet,  fading  with  age,  somewhat 
flesh-tinted  in  dried  specimens;  spores  globose,  4.5-5.5  /*. 

Extremely  common  throughout,  especially  northward,  on 
decaying  coniferous  trunks. 

ii.     CORIOLUS  PROLIFICANS  (Fries)  Murrill 

Pileus  exceedingly  variable,  sessile  or  affixed  by  a  short  tubercle, 
dimidiate  to  flabelliform,  broadly  or  narrowly  attached,  2-5 
X  2-6  X  0.1-0.3  cm-!  surface  finely  villose- tomentose,  smooth, 
white  or  slightly  yellowish,  marked  with  a  few  narrow,  indistinct, 
latericeous  or  bay  zones;  margin  thin,  sterile,  entire  to  lobed; 
context  very  thin,  white,  fibrous;  tubes  1-3  mm.  long,  white  to 
discolored  within,  mouths  angular,  somewhat  irregular,  3-4  to  a 
mm.,  usually  becoming  irpiciform  at  an  early  stage,  edges  acute, 
dentate,  becoming  lacerate,  white  to  yellowish  or  umbrinous. 

Extremely  common  throughout  on  dead  deciduous  trees,  often 
covering  entire  trunks.  It  is  easily  mistaken  for  one  of  the 
Hydnaceae. 

4.     CORIOLELLUS  Murrill 

Hymenophore  small,  dry,  annual,  epixylous,  semiresupinate ; 
surface  anoderm,  usually  azonate;  context  white,  thin,  fibrous 
to  corky;  hymenium  concolorous;  tubes  thin-walled,  usually 
rather  large  and  irregular,  dentate,  but  not  irpiciform;  spores 
smooth,  hyaline. 

Pileus  white  or  pale-isabelline.  I.  C.  Septum. 

Pileus  fulvous  to  latericeous.  2.  C.  serialis. 

i.     CORIOLELLUS  SEPIUM  (Berk.)  Murrill 

Pileus  small,  dimidiate,  laterally  connate,  narrowly  attached 
when  young,  becoming  decurrent  and  of  ten  effused,  0.5-1  X  1-3.5 


io  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

X  0.2-0.5  cm. ;  surface  white  or  pale-wood-colored,  finely  tomen- 
tose  to  glabrous,  subzonate,  smooth  or  broadly  radiately  fur- 
rowed; margin  thin  or  tumid,  entire  to  undulate;  context  white, 
1-2  mm.  thick,  soft-corky;  tubes  white,  2-3  mm.  long,  mouths 
angular,  uneven,  irregular,  sometimes  slightly  sinuous,  1-2  to  a 
mm.,  edges  thin,  undulate  to  dentate,  white;  spores  oblong, 
12  X  5  it. 

Common  throughout  on  structural  timber  and  other  dead 
wood,  especially  that  of  deciduous  trees. 

2.     CORIOLELLUS  SERiALis  (Fries)  Murrill 

Pileus  corky  to  woody,  extensively  effused,  resupinate  or 
shortly  reflexed,  seriately  elongate,  laterally  connate,  the  reflexed 
portion  very  narrow,  o-i  X  1-1.5  X  0.3-0.5  cm. ;  surface  uneven, 
subzonate,  appressed-tomentose  to  strigose,  hoary-fulvous  to 
latericeous-fulvous;  margin  thick,  pallid,  undulate  to  very 
uneven;  context  white,  fibrous,  membranous,  less  than  I  mm. 
thick;  tubes  slender,  white,  very  variable  in  size  and  shape, 
2-8  mm.  long,  mouths  circular  to  angular  or  irregular,  pure- 
white,  becoming  pale-yellowish-brown  at  times  on  drying,  about 
3  to  a  mm.,  edges  rather  thick,  firm,  entire,  becoming  thinner 
and  dentate;  spores  oblong,  6-8  X  2.5-3  M- 

Rather  common  throughout  on  dead  coniferous  and  deciduous 
wood. 

5.     TYROMYCES   P.  Karst. 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  sessile,  anoderm,  azonate, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  context  white,  fibrous,  fleshy  to  fleshy- 
tough,  rigid  and  friable  when  dry;  tubes  thin-walled,  white  or 
yellowish,  mouths  polygonal;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

Pileus  large,  8  cm.  or  more  in  diameter. 
Tubes  less  than  5  cm.  long. 

Surface  of  pileus  marked  with  rounded  depressed 

spots.  I.  T.  guttulatus. 

Surface  of  pileus  not  guttulate;  tubes  fragile,  lacerate.       2.  T.  obductus. 
Tubes  more  than  5  cm.  long. 

Surface  sodden,   rough,   white,   becoming  blackish, 

especially  at  the  margin.  3.  T.  Spraguei. 

Surface     tuberculose,     ochraceous,     not     becoming 

blackish.  4.  T.  tiliophila. 

Pileus  small,  rarely  exceeding  5  cm.  in  diameter. 

Pileus  resinous  or  cartilaginous  in  appearance.  5.  T.  semisupinus. 

Pileus  neither  resinous  nor  cartilaginous. 

Tubes  large,  irregular,  lacerate,  1-2  to  a  mm.  6.  T.  undosus. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  u 

Tubes  much  smaller,  usually  regular  and  entire. 
Surface  zonate. 

Pileus  1-3  mm.  thick,  not  effused.  7.  T.  balsameus. 

Pileus  5  mm.  or  more  thick,  effused-reflexed.         8.  T.  Ellisianus. 
Surface  azonate. 

Surface  conspicuously  villose  or  tomentose. 

Pileus  more  or  less  bluish,  not  effused.  9.  T.  caesius. 

Pileus  not  bluish,  effused-reflexed.  10.  T.  semipileatus. 

Surface  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Surface   pelliculose,    more   or   less   tinged 

with  gray.  II.  T.  chioneus. 

Surface  white,  without  a  pellicle. 

Pileus  about  2  mm.  thick.  12.  T.  Bartholomaei. 

Pileus  much  thicker. 

Edges  of  tubes  obtuse,  entire.  13.  T.  anceps. 

Edges  of  tubes  very  thin,  lacerate.       14.  T.  lacteus. 

i.     TYROMYCES  GUTTULATUS  (Peck)  Murrill 

Pileus  cespitose  or  gregarious,  broad,  applanate,  sessile  or 
attached  by  an  attenuate  base,  cheesy-soft  when  fresh,  rigid  and 
fragile  when  dry,  5-7  X  10-15  X  0.5-1.5  cm.;  surface  white  or 
yellowish-white,  becoming  sordid  with  age,  especially  at  the 
margin,  glabrous,  somewhat  uneven,  slightly  zonate  at  times, 
marked  with  numerous  rounded,  depressed,  watery  spots,  either 
scattered  promiscuously  or  arranged  in  zones ;  margin  thin,  white 
to  discolored,  undulate  or  lobed ;  context  white,  cheesy  to  fragile, 
3-8  mm.  thick;  tubes  white,  3-6  mm.  long,  mouths  small, 
angular,  glistening,  4-5  to  a  mm.,  white  to  avellaneous  or  um- 
brinous,  often  sordid-spotted  in  dried  specimens,  edges  thin, 
fragile,  lacerate ;  spores  globose,  5  /*. 

Frequent  on  dead  coniferous  stumps  and  trunks  from  eastern 
Canada  to  Michigan  and  Ohio.  Compare  P.  alutaceus  Fries. 

2.    TYROMYCES  OBDUCTUS  (Berk.)  Murrill 

Pileus  thin,  fleshy,  very  fragile  when  dry,  expanding  from  a 
wedge-shaped  base,  6  X  12  X  0.3  cm.;  surface  very  smooth, 
yellowish-brown,  glabrous,  with  a  gelatinous-horny  pellicle, 
having  the  appearance  of  parchment;  margin  thin,  concolorous, 
reniform-lobed ;  context  very  thin,  white,  fleshy-tough,  becoming 
fragile  and  very  hard  when  dry,  I  mm.  or  less  thick;  tubes 
slender,  1.5-2.5  mm.  long,  white  to  yellowish  within,  collapsing, 
mouths  angular,  white  to  yellowish,  minute,  6  to  a  mm.,  edges 
very  thin,  flaccid,  lacerate. 

Collected  once  on  dead  trunks  in  boreal  North  America 
below  latitude  54°. 


12  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

3.    TYROMYCES  SPRAGUEI  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Murrill 

Pileus  subimbricate,  dimidiate  or  flabelliform,  broadly  sessile 
or  attenuate  behind,  convex,  fleshy- tough  and  watery  to  rigid 
and  fragile  when  dry,  4-7  X  5-10  X  1-2  cm.;  surface  at  first 
milk-white,  finely  tomentose  to  glabrous,  slightly  tuberculose, 
azonate,  sodden,  containing  depressions  filled  with  exuded  water, 
becoming  discolored  and  roughened  and  often  decaying,  espe- 
cially in  damp  weather,  with  a  strong  and  disagreeable  odor; 
margin  undulate  or  slightly  lobed,  acute,  usually  discolored, 
sometimes  smoky-black,  inflexed  when  dry ;  context  white,  zonate, 
cheesy  when  fresh,  rigid  and  somewhat  fragile  when  dry;  tubes 
small,  white  to  yellowish  within,  3-8  mm.  long,  mouths  some- 
what uneven,  angular,  3-4  to  a  mm.,  edges  white  to  yellowish, 
thin,  entire;  spores  ellipsoid,  6  X  4  A*. 

Common  throughout  on  dead  stumps  and  trunks  of  chestnut 
and  oak. 

4.    TYROMYCES  TILIOPHILA  Murrill 

Pileus  large,  convex  above,  concave  below,  cheesy  when  fresh, 
firm  and  fragile  when  dry,  attached  by  an  attenuate  base, 
dimidiate  to  flabelliform,  8  X  12  X  1-1.5  cm.;  surface  radiate- 
rugose,  slightly  plicate,  tubercular,  subglabrous,  white  to 
ochraceous,  marked  with  pale-latericeous  zones;  margin  thick, 
fertile,  concolorous,  undulate;  context  homogeneous,  white, 
cheesy  to  fragile,  about  I  cm.  thick;  tubes  nearly  I  cm.  long, 
white  to  slightly  yellowish,  very  fragile  when  dry,  collapsing  and 
wearing  away  with  age,  mouths  minute,  5  to  a  mm.,  subcircular, 
white  to  cremeous,  slightly  discolored  with  age,  edges  thin, 
friable,  fimbriate-dentate. 

Found  once  on  Tilia  americana  at  Ottawa,  Canada. 


5.     TYROMYCES  SEMISUPINUS  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Murrill 

Pileus  imbricate-cespitose,  thin,  rigid  when  dry,  flabelliform, 
narrowly  attached,  sometimes  with  a  short  process  resembling  a 
stipe,  0.5-1  X  0.5-0.8  X  0.05-0.1  cm.;  surface  white  to  flavous, 
partially  dull-latericeous,  cartilaginous,  glabrous  or  ornamented 
with  a  few  abnormal  hydnoid  processes,  subzonate;  margin  very 
thin,  lobed,  inflexed  when  dry;  context  very  thin,  white,  horny 
and  fragile  when  dry;  tubes  short,  minute,  white,  2-3  mm.  long, 
mouths  angular,  4  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  dentate. 

Occasional  in  New  England,  Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey 
on  dead  trunks  of  maple,  alder,  and  other  deciduous  trees. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  13 

6.     TYROMYCES  UNDOSUS  (Peck)  Murrill 

Pileus  effused,  narrowly  reflexed,  thin,  fleshy-fibrous,  soft 
when  fresh,  rigid  when  dry,  5-8  cm.  broad,  2-3  mm.  thick,  the 
reflexed  portion  0-7  mm.  wide;  surface  slightly  spongy-tomen- 
tose,  sulcate-zonate,  white;  margin  very  thin,  undulate,  inflexed 
when  dry;  context  white,  very  thin,  fleshy-fibrous  to  fragile; 
tubes  1-3  mm.  long,  white,  mouths  large,  irregular,  angular, 
1-2  to  a  mm.,  edges  very  thin,  fragile,  lacerate,  white  to  slightly 
yellowish. 

Occasional  on  decaying  trunks  of  hemlock  and  pine  and  more 
rarely  on  deciduous  wood  in  Maine,  New  York,  and  West 
Virginia. 

7.    TYROMYCES  BALSAMEUS  (Peck)  Murrill 

Pileus  thin,  laterally  elongate,  fleshy  to  somewhat  fragile, 
dimidiate,  decurrent,  cespitose,  1.5-2.5  cm.  long,  extending  lat- 
erally 2-10  cm.,  2-4  mm.  thick;  surface  radiate-rugose,  sub- 
glabrous,  slightly  villose-tomentose  behind,  whitish  or  avel- 
laneous  varied  with  isabelline  to  fulvous  zones;  margin  undulate 
or  subcrispate,  irregular,  acute,  inflexed  when  dry;  context  white, 
less  than  I  mm.  thick;  hymenium  uneven,  somewhat  cribrose; 
tubes  1.5-2.5  mm.  long,  white  to  discolored  within,  mouths 
angular,  irregular,  3-5  to  a  mm.,  edges  white  to  slightly  dis- 
colored, dentate  to  sharply  lacerate. 

Occasional  on  trunks  and  stumps  of  balsam  fir  and  hemlock 
in  Ontario  and  northern  New  York.  T.  crispellus  (Peck)  Murrill 
is  not  distinct. 


8.    TYROMYCES  ELLISIANUS  Murrill 

Pileus  effused-reflexed,  laterally  connate,  imbricate,  fleshy, 
tough  to  rigid,  the  reflexed  portion  dimidiate  or  laterally  elongate, 
1-2  X  2-5  X  0.5-1.5  cm.;  surface  uneven,  pulverulent  to  glab- 
rous or  slightly  scabrous,  white  to  isabelline  with  narrow  testa- 
ceous zones,  sometimes  azonate;  margin  acute  or  slightly  obtuse, 
inflexed  in  dried  specimens,  white,  entire  or  undulate;  context 
rather  thick,  firm  and  somewhat  fragile  when  dry,  white,  about 
5  mm.  thick;  tubes  white  to  pallid  or  very  pale  latericeous 
within,  3-5  mm.  long,  slender,  mouths  circular  to  slightly  angular, 
rather  even,  5  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  white  to  isabelline  or  pale- 
latericeous,  entire  or  slightly  dentate ;  spores  globose,  4  /x. 

Collected  once  on  a  dead  pine  trunk  at  Newfield,  New  Jersey. 


14  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

9.  TYROMYCES  CAESIUS  (Schrad.)  Murrill 

Pileus  dimidiate,  imbricate,  often  narrowly  attached,  with  a 
prominent  umbo,  variable  in  habit  and  size,  soft,  spongy  when 
fresh,  fragile  when  dry,  1-2  X  3-6  X  0.5-1.5  cm.;  surface  sod- 
den, tomentose  or  villose-tomentose,  azonate,  murinous  or 
griseous  when  fresh,  becoming  caesious  or  fading  to  nearly  pure- 
white  on  drying,  often  nearly  glabrous  with  age;  context  white, 
soft,  friable,  5-8  mm.  thick;  tubes  long  and  slender,  5-10  mm. 
long,  caesious  within,  collapsing,  friable,  mouths  angular,  3-4 
to  a  mm.,  edges  white  or  bluish-gray,  very  thin,  dentate  to  long 
and  sharply  lacerate;  spores  elongate,  5-5.5  X  1.5  M- 

Common  throughout  on  dead  wood  of  both  deciduous  and 
coniferous  trees. 

10.  TYROMYCES  SEMIPILEATUS  (Peck)  Murrill 
Pileus  effused,   largely  resupinate,   suborbicular  or  laterally 

elongate,  very  narrowly  reflexed,  the  reflexed  portion  o-i  X  2-5 
X  0.3-0.5  cm.;  surface  white  or  pale-isabelline,  subvillose  or 
scabrous,  azonate;  margin  thin,  undulate,  sometimes  inflexed; 
context  white,  fleshy-tough  to  fragile,  2-4  mm.  thick;  tubes 
short,  slender,  white  to  yellowish  within,  mouths  minute,  circular 
to  slightly  angular,  scarcely  conspicuous,  7  to  a  mm.,  edges 
thin,  very  even,  entire,  white  to  pallid,  often  bluish-discolored 
in  spots  or  blotches;  spores  subglobose,  6-8  p. 

Common  throughout  on  fallen  dead  branches  of  deciduous 
trees. 

ii.    TYROMYCES  CHIONEUS  (Fries)  P.  Karst. 

Pileus  imbricate,  sessile,  dimidiate,  convex,  2-4  X  3-6  X  I 
cm.;  surface  sodden,  grayish-cinereous  or  yellowish-white, 
azonate,  smooth,  pubescent  to  glabrous,  margin  acute  but  rather 
thick,  entire,  concolorous,  fertile;  context  sodden  and  watery 
when  fresh,  with  a  mild  flavor  and  acid  odor,  white,  homogeneous 
and  fragile  when  dry,  cutting  with  a  smooth  surface,  7-10  mm. 
thick;  tubes  shorter  than  the  thickness  of  the  context,  2-4  mm. 
long,  white  to  yellowish  within,  fragile,  mouths  even,  glistening, 
angular,  sinuous  at  times,  4  to  a  mm.,  white  to  ochraceous, 
edges  thin,  fimbriate-dentate ;  spores  cylindric,  curved,  4-5 
X  1-2  /*. 

Common  throughout  on  dead  branches  and  trunks  of  birch 
and  other  deciduous  trees. 

12.    TYROMYCES  BARTHOLOMAEI  (Peck)  Murrill 
Pileus  thin,   rather  soft,  obovate,  attached  by  a  flattened, 
stem-like    base,    3  X  3-5  X  0.2    cm.;    surface    azonate,    white, 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  15 

opaque,  finely  spongy-tomentose ;  margin  thin,  broadly  sterile, 
subentire;  context  white  to  pallid,  1-1.5  mm.  thick,  soft  and 
somewhat  spongy,  very  fragile  when  dry;  tubes  decurrent,  less 
than  i  mm.  long,  white,  mouths  small,  circular,  angular,  4-5 
to  a  mm.,  regular,  edges  entire  to  fimbriate-dentate. 

Found  only  at  Rockport,  Kansas,  on  decaying  sticks  and 
chips. 

13.     TYROMYCES  ANCEPS  (Peck)  Murrill 

Pileus  effused,  resupinate  or  narrowly  reflexed,  inseparable 
from  the  matrix,  firm,  sub-corky,  slightly  flexible,  rigid  when 
dry,  the  reflexed  portion  1-2  cm.  long,  extending  laterally  for 
several  centimeters  by  confluence,  about  I  cm.  thick  behind; 
surface  minutely  downy,  sometimes  rugosely  pitted,  milk-white 
or  slightly  discolored,  azonate;  margin  rather  thin,  acute,  con- 
colorous,  undulate;  context  white,  fleshy-tough,  somewhat 
fragile  when  dry,  5-8  mm.  thick;  tubes  3-5  mm.  long,  white  to 
pallid  within,  slender,  mouths  regular,  even,  circular,  5-6  to  a 
mm.,  glistening,  white  to  very  pale  avellaneous,  edges  obtuse, 
entire;  spores  globose,  5  /*. 

Occasional  on  dead  hemlock  and  balsam  fir  in  New  England 
and  New  York. 

14.    TYROMYCES  LACTEUS  (Fries)  Murrill 

Pileus  dimidiate,  sessile,  decurrent,  convex,  very  soft,  fleshy, 
becoming  rigid  when  dry,  2-4  X  5-8  X  0.5-1.5  cm.;  surface 
milk-white,  sometimes  slightly  discolored,  azonate,  finely  tomen- 
tose  or  pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous,  more  or  less  silky-striate; 
margin  abruptly  thin,  inflexed,  undulate,  concolorous;  context 
spongy-fibrous,  very  fragile  when  dry,  5-10  mm.  thick,  milk- 
white,  zonate  at  times;  tubes  quite  long,  slender,  equaling  the 
thickness  of  the  context,  5-10  mm.,  milk-white  within,  mouths 
regular,  angular,  4-5  to  a  mm.,  glistening,  becoming  lacerate 
and  somewhat  uneven,  edges  thin,  dentate  to  sharply  toothed, 
fragile,  white  to  slightly  yellowish ;  spores  allantoid,4-5  X  1-1.5  /*• 

Common  throughout  on  dead  deciduous  and  coniferous  wood. 

6.    SPONGIPELLIS  Pat. 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  sessile,  dimidiate,  simple  or 
imbricate,  rather  large;  surface  white,  anoderm,  sodden  and 
bibulous;  context  white,  duplex,  spongy  above,  firm  below; 
hymenium  concolorous,  tubes  thin-walled;  spores  smooth, 
hyaline. 


1 6  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

Pileus  more  than  i  cm.  thick,  usually  large. 
Margin  of  pileus  thick  and  rounded. 

Tubes  large,  i  mm.  or  more  across.  i.  S.  unicolor. 

Tubes  much  smaller.  2.  S.  occidentalis. 

Margin  of  pileus  thin,  not  rounded. 

Surface  conspicuously  hairy.  3.  S.  borealis. 

Surface  nearly  glabrous.  4.  5.  delectans. 

Pileus  less  than  I  cm.  thick,  small  or  medium;  surface  finely 
tomentose.  5.  5.  galactinus. 

i.    SPONGIPELLIS  UNICOLOR  (Schw.)  Murrill 

Pileus  somewhat  imbricate,  large  and  spongy,  at  length 
indurate,  dimidiate,  often  ungulate,  5-7  X  10-15  X  3-5  cm.; 
surface  spongy-tomentose,  hirtose,  azonate,  smooth,  sordid- 
white  to  isabelline  or  fulvous;  margin  very  thick  and  rounded, 
sterile,  entire,  concolorous;  context  spongy-fibrous,  white,  in- 
durate with  age,  especially  below,  1-2  cm.  thick;  tubes  very 
long,  2-3  cm.,  white  to  isabelline  within,  mouths  large,  irregular, 
often  sinuous,  1-2  mm.  broad,  edges  thin,  fimbriate-dentate  to 
slightly  lacerate,  white  to  isabelline,  at  length  bay  and  resinous 
in  appearance;  spores  globose,  6-8  /*. 

Rather  common  on  diseased  living  trunks  of  oak,  maple,  and 
a  few  other  deciduous  trees  from  New  Jersey  southward  and 
westward  to  Missouri  and  Minnesota. 

2.  SPONGIPELLIS  OCCIDENTALIS  Murrill 

Pileus  thick,  dimidiate,  subimbricate,  convex  above,  5-8 
X  7-10  X  2-3  cm.;  surface  conspicuously  hispid-tomentose, 
spongy,  azonate,  smooth  or  somewhat  rugose,  white  to  cremeous 
or  isabelline;  margin  very  thick,  rounded,  concolorous,  fertile; 
context  soft,  spongy-fibrous,  white  to  slightly  yellowish,  1-2 
cm.  thick;  tubes  long  and  slender,  i  cm.  long,  white  to  straw- 
colored  within,  fulvous  in  old  dried  specimens,  mouths  minute, 
angular,  5  to  a  mm.,  edges  very  thin,  white  to  cremeous,  fim- 
briate-dentate, becoming  lacerate,  collapsing  and  turning  fulvous 
in  old  specimens;  spores  ellipsoid,  4-5  X  6-7  /i. 

Occasional  on  beech  logs  in  northern  New  York. 

3.  SPONGIPELLIS  BOREALIS  (Fries)  Pat. 

Pileus  subimbricate,  dimidiate  to  flabelliform,  often  narrowly 
attached,  spongy  to  corky,  very  tough,  moist  and  juicy  when 
fresh,  5-8  X  8-12  X  2-4  cm.;  surface  uneven,  soft  and  spongy, 
hirtose- tomentose,  azonate,  white  to  yellowish ;  margin  thin, 
white,  entire,  somewhat  discolored  on  drying;  context  fibrous- 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  17 

coriaceous  above,  fibrous-woody  below,  white,  0.5-1.5  cm.  thick; 
tubes  4-8  mm.  long,  white  to  pallid  within,  mouths  angular, 
irregular,  somewhat  radiately  elongate,  sinuous  at  times,  1-2 
to  a  mm.,  stuffed  when  young,  edges  thin,  white  to  ochraceous, 
dentate  to  lacerate;  spores  ovoid,  5-6  X  3-4  A*- 

Occasional  throughout  on  various  coniferous  trunks,  and 
more  frequent  northward,  causing  serious  decay. 

4.    SPONGIPELLIS  DELECTANS  (Peck)  Murrill 

Pileus  simple  or  subimbricate,  dimidiate,  convex  or  subtri- 
angular,  fleshy-fibrous  to  corky,  5  X  5-10  X  2-5  cm.;  surface 
azonate,  white  to  ochraceous-isabelline,  uneven,  glabrous  or 
slightly  floccose-tomentose;  margin  thin,  acute,  concolorous, 
sterile;  context  soft  and  spongy  above,  firm  and  woody  below, 
white,  I  cm.  or  more  thick;  tubes  5-8  mm.  long,  white  within, 
mouths  large,  subcircular  or  angular,  somewhat  irregular,  1-3 
to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  entire  to  slightly  dentate,  white  to  slightly 
discolored;  spores  subglobose  to  ovoid,  7-8  X  5-6  /*. 

Frequent  on  diseased  trunks  of  maple,  elm,  and  certain  other 
deciduous  trees  in  Ohio  and  Indiana. 

5.    SPONGIPELLIS  GALACTINUS  (Berk.)  Pat. 

Pileus  cespitose-imbricate,  soft,  spongy  and  watery  when 
fresh,  rigid  and  brittle  when  dry,  dimidiate  or  reniform,  elongate 
behind,  applanate  or  convex,  much  contorted  on  drying,  3-5 
X  5-10  X  0.5-1  cm.;  surface  hispid  or  strigose-tomentose, 
white,  azonate,  smooth  or  slightly  tuberculose,  becoming  isa- 
belline  on  drying;  margin  thin,  but  often  obtuse,  sterile,  entire, 
discolored  and  inflexed  when  dry;  context  zonate,  firm,  fibrous- 
woody  below,  spongy  above,  3-7  mm.  thick;  tubes  3-5  mm. 
long,  slender,  white  to  isabelline,  mouths  minute,  white,  glisten- 
ing, angular  or  slightly  flexuose,  6  to  a  mm.,  edges  very  thin, 
lacerate-dentate,  at  length  isabelline;  spores  ellipsoid,  3-4 
X  1.5-2/i. 

Frequent  on  dead  or  diseased  trunks  of  deciduous  trees  from 
eastern  Canada  to  Ohio. 

7.     BJERKANDERA  P.  Karst. 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  sessile,  anoderm,  glabrous, 
azonate,  corky;  context  white,  tough  or  woody,  not  friable  when 
dry;  tubes  thin- walled,  more  or  less  smoke-colored,  mouths 
polygonal;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 


1 8  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

Hymenium  smoke-colored  when  young,  soon  becoming  black.  i.  B.  adusta. 

Hymenium  pallid  when  very  young,  becoming  more  or  less  blackish 
with  age.  2.  B.  fumosa. 

1.  BjERKANDERA   ADUSTA    (Willd.)    P.     Karst. 

Pileus  cespitose-imbricate,  decurrent,  sometimes  effused, 
conchate,  fleshy-tough  or  corky,  somewhat  flexible  when  dry, 
2-4  X  4-8  X  0.2-0.4  cm.;  surface  undulate,  indistinctly  zonate, 
especially  near  the  margin,  finely  tomentose  or  villose,  isabelline 
with  slightly  darker  markings;  margin  thin,  undulate,  sterile, 
pallid,  usually  becoming  black  as  though  scorched;  context 
fibrous-corky,  white,  1-3.5  mm.  thick;  tubes  short,  I  mm.  or 
less  long,  smoky-white  to  blackish  within,  mouths  regular, 
angular,  5-6  to  a  mm.,  smoke-colored  and  pruinose  when  young, 
soon  becoming  grayish-black,  edges  thin,  entire;  spores  ellipsoid- 
allantoid,  3-5  X  1.5-2.5  M- 

Extremely  common  throughout  on  dead  deciduous  wood  and 
rarely  on  that  of  coniferous  trees. 

2.  BJERKANDERA  FUMOSA  (Pers.)  P.  Karst. 

Pileus  cespitose-imbricate,  fleshy-corky,  firm,  dimidiate,  con- 
chate, decurrent,  2-4  X  5-10  X  0.5-2  cm.;  surface  smooth, 
finely  tomentose,  pale-isabelline,  subzonate  at  times;  margin 
thin,  concolorous,  undulate,  easily  blackening,  usually  broadly 
sterile;  context  fibrous-corky,  somewhat  zonate,  white  to  pallid, 
5-15  mm.  thick;  tubes  short,  2-3  mm.  long,  white  to  discolored 
within,  mouths  regular,  even,  circular,  4-5  to  a  mm.,  whitish  to 
smoky-isabelline  and  finally  blackish  with  extreme  age,  edges 
thick,  entire;  spores  globose,  5-8  IJL. 

Common  throughout  on  decayed  deciduous  wood  and  rarely 
on  coniferous  wood.  B.  puberula  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Murrill  is  not 
sufficiently  distinct. 

8.     TRAMETES   Fries 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  sessile;  surface  anoderm, 
white,  azonate;  context  white,  homogeneous,  coriaceous  to  soft- 
corky;  hymenium  concolorous,  rigid;  tubes  thin- walled,  mouths 
circular  to  irregular;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

Tubes  small,  4  to  a  mm.;  found  on  Robinia.  i.  T.  robiniophila. 

Tubes  large,  2  to  a  mm.;  found  on  Salix.  2.  T.  suaveolens, 

i.    TRAMETES  ROBINIOPHILA  Murrill 

Pileus  more  or  less  imbricate,  dimidiate,  convex  above,  plane 
or  concave  below,  sometimes  undulate,  6-8  X  10-15  X  2-4  cm.; 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  19 

surface  milk-white,  azonate,  finely  pubescent  becoming  glabrous, 
uneven,  slightly  yellowish  and  discolored  with  age;  margin  thick, 
usually  obtuse,  concolorous,  entire;  context  white,  soft,  punky, 
very  juicy  when  fresh,  with  a  strong  fungous  odor,  usually 
attacked  by  insects;  tubes  slender,  3-5  mm.  long,  opaque,  white 
to  discolored  within,  mouths  minute,  circular  to  very  slightly 
angular,  edges  thick,  entire,  becoming  rather  thin,  sordid-white 
to  umbrinous  or  fuliginous  in  dried  specimens,  isabelline  when 
bruised;  spores  globose  to  ovoid,  6-8  /j,  long. 

Common  on  decayed  spots  in  living  trunks  of  Robinia  Pseud- 
acacia  from  Pennsylvania  to  Virginia  and  west  to  Missouri, 
doubtless  causing  decay. 

2.    TRAMETES  SUAVEOLENS  (L.)  Fries 

Pileus  large,  subimbricate,  dimidiate,  convex  above,  plane  or 
concave  below,  4-6  X  5-12  X  1-3  cm.;  surface  smooth,  azonate, 
finely  villose-tomentose  to  nearly  glabrous,  white  to  pale-isa- 
belline;  margin  thick,  sterile,  entire;  context  white,  punky- 
corky,  1-2  cm.  thick,  very  fragrant  when  fresh,  with  the  odor 
of  anise;  tubes  5-15  mm.  long,  white  within,  mouths  circular, 
2  to  a  mm.,  edges  at  first  very  thick,  white,  entire,  becoming 
thinner  and  often  blackish  with  age;  spores  oblong-ovoid,  sub- 
sinuate,  8-9  X  3-5  M- 

Frequent  on  willow  trunks  throughout,  especially  northward, 
causing  serious  decay.  Easily  distinguished  at  some  distance 
by  its  agreeable  odor. 

9.     PIPTOPORUS   P.  Karst. 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  umbonate-sessile ;  surface 
smooth,  azonate,  pelliculose;  context  white,  fleshy-tough; 
hymenium  at  length  separating  smoothly  from  the  context; 
tubes  white,  thick-walled;  spores  smooth,  cylindric,  hyaline. 

i.     PIPTOPORUS  SUBEROSUS  (L.)  Murrill 

Pileus  fleshy  to  corky,  compressed-ungulate,  convex  above, 
plane  below,  attached  by  a  short  umbo  behind,  varying  to  bell- 
shaped  when  hanging  from  horizontal  trunks,  5-30  X  5-20 
X  2-5  cm.;  surface  smoky,  covered  with  a  thin,  separating 
pellicle,  glabrous,  devoid  of  markings,  cracking  with  age;  margin 
velvety,  concolorous,  obtuse,  projecting  beyond  the  hymenium 
nearly  a  centimeter;  context  elastic,  homogeneous,  3  cm.  thick, 
milk-white;  tubes  0.5  cm.  long,  2-3  to  a  mm.,  sodden-white, 


20  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

separated  from  the  context  by  a  thin,  pink  layer,  mouths  very 
irregular,  dissepiments  thicker  than  the  pores,  obtuse,  entire, 
crumbling  away  in  age,  leaving  the  smooth,  white  context; 
spores  cylindric,  curved,  4-5  n  in  length. 

Common  on  dead  or  diseased  birch  trunks  from  New  Jersey 
northward  and  westward  to  Wisconsin.  Sections  of  large 
sporophores  have  been  used  in  Sweden  for  sharpening  razors. 

10.     PORODISCULUS  Murrill 

Hymenophore  small,  annual,  tough,  epixylous,  erumpent  from 
the  lenticels  of  dead  branches;  stipe  attached  to  the  vertex  of 
the  pileus,  usually  curved  at  maturity;  context  white,  fibrous; 
tubes  cylindric,  short,  one-layered,  mouths  constricted;  spores 
globose,  smooth,  hyaline. 

i.     PORODISCULUS  PENDULUS  (Schw.)  Murrill 

Pileus  very  small,  turbinate-cup-shaped,  attached  at  the 
vertex,  soon  decurved  and  pendant,  gregarious,  erumpent  from 
the  lenticels  of  dead  branches,  1-2  mm.  broad,  3-5  mm.  long; 
surface  anoderm,  azonate,  smooth,  umbrirtous,  uniformly  covered 
with  a  brown  powder,  often  ashy- white  with  age;  margin  inflexed, 
concolorous,  sterile;  context  white,  fibrous,  very  thin;  tubes  very 
short,  annual,  white  within,  mouths  circular,  constricted,  white, 
pruinose,  becoming  concolorous,  6-7  to  a  mm.,  edges  entire; 
spores  globose,  4/z;  stipe  2  mm.  or  less  in  length,  vertically 
attached,  gradually  expanding  into  the  pileus,  which  it  resembles 
in  surface  and  context. 

Frequent  on  fallen  dead  twigs  of  various  deciduous  trees  and 
occasionally  on  red  cedar  from  Connecticut  southward  and 
westward  to  Missouri  and  Iowa.  Very  common  in  some  locali- 
ties on  dead  chestnut  branches. 

ii.     HEXAGONA  Pollini 

Hymenophore  small,  annual,  epixylous,  flabelliform  to  reni- 
form,  rarely  circular,  stipitate,  the  stipe  sometimes  much  reduced; 
surface  smooth  or  tessellate;  margin  thin;  context  thin,  white, 
fibrous,  fleshy  to  tough,  usually  fragile  when  dry;  hymenium  of 
radiating  rows  of  large,  thin-walled,  hexagonal  tubes,  usually 
radially  elongate;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

Tubes  large;  surface  of  pileus  decorated  with  imbricate,  reddish- 
brown  fibrils,  which  disappear  with  age.  i.  H.  alveolaris. 

Tubes  much  smaller,  the  mouths  rarely  over  i  mm.  long  and  0.5 

mm.  broad;  surface  of  pileus  glabrous.  2.  H.  striatula. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  21 

i.    HEXAGONA  ALVEOLARIS  (DC.)  Murrill 

Pileus  reniform  to  circular,  convex- plane,  depressed  behind, 
3-4  X  5-7  X  0.2-0.5  cm.;  surface  at  first  fulvous,  strigose- 
squamose,  at  length  pallid  and  almost  glabrous;  margin  at  first 
thin,  entire,  incurved,  becoming  thicker  and  undulate  or  lobed; 
context  white,  opaque,  1-2  mm.  thick;  tubes  decurrent,  white  to 
pallid,  2-4  mm.  long,  mouths  1-1.5  X  2-3  mm.,  edges  thin, 
rigid,  dentate;  spores  ellipsoid,  10-14  X  4-4.5  Ml  stipe  usually  a 
lateral  tubercle,  at  times  eccentric  or  central,  varying  in  length. 

Common  throughout  on  fallen  branches  and  other  forms  of 
dead  deciduous  wood. 

2.    HEXAGONA  STRIATULA  (Ellis  &  Ev.)  Murrill 

Pileus  flabelliform  to  reniform  or  rarely  circular,  convex,  usu- 
ally umbilicate  or  depressed  behind,  2-4  X  2.5  X  0.2-0.4  cm.; 
surface  smooth,  glabrous,  straw-colored  to  cream-colored;  margin 
acute,  undulate  or  slightly  lobed,  rarely  reflexed,  irregularly 
denticulate,  dark-brown,  as  if  scorched;  context  white,  1-2  mm. 
thick;  tubes  decurrent,  ochraceous,  1-2  mm.  long,  mouths  4-6- 
angled,  0.3-0.5  X  0.6-1  mm.,  edges  rather  firm,  beset  with 
small,  sharp  teeth;  spores  ellipsoid,  3  X9MI  stipe  lateral  to 
eccentric,  rarely  central,  slightly  enlarged  below,  concolorous, 
minutely  tomentose  to  subglabrous,  1-7  mm.  long,  3-5  mm. 
thick. 

Frequent  throughout  on  dead  trunks  and  fallen  sticks  of 
birch,  beech,  and  certain  other  deciduous  trees.  Possibly  only 
a  variety  of  H.  alveolaris. 

12.     POLYPORUS    (Micheli)  Paulet 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  small  and  simple,  very  rarely 
large  and  compound;  stipe  central,  eccentric  or  lateral,  much 
reduced  at  times  in  a  few  species,  often  partly  or  wholly  brown 
or  black;  surface  usually  smooth,  the  margin  at  times  ciliate; 
context  white  or  yellowish,  fibrous,  tough  to  corky;  hymenium 
porose,  at  times  alveolate;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

Stipe  pallid  or  light-brown,  centrally  attached,  not  darker 

than  the  pileus. 
Margin  of  pileus  devoid  of  cilia. 

Pileus  ornamented  with  conspicuous  tufts  of  fibrils, 

which  are  larger  and  darker  toward  the  center.  i.  P.  fagicola. 

Pileus  plainly  villose,  often  becoming  glabrous  with 

age.  2.  P.  Polyporus. 


22  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

Pileus  minutely  tomentose  or  glabrous  from  the  first. 
Pileus  large,  10  cm.  or  more  in  diameter;  surface 

milk-white.  3.  P.  admirabilis. 

Pileus  of  medium  size,  2-5  cm.  in  diameter. 

Context   golden-yellow,   not   extremely   thin; 

tubes  remote  from  the  stipe.  4.  P.  phaeoxanthus. 

Context  whitish. 

Stipe  central.  5.  P.  albiceps. 

Stipe  lateral.  6.  P.  humilis. 

Margin  of  pileus  ornamented  with  cilia,   which  often 

disappear  with  age.  7.  P.  arcularius. 

Stipe  wholly  or  partly  black  or  fuliginous,  variously  attached, 

usually  darker  than  the  pileus. 
Pileus  squamose,  very  large,  flabelliform;  tubes  large, 

alveolar.  8.  P.  caudicinus. 

Pileus  not  as  above. 

Pileus  12-25  cm.  in  diameter,  white  or  pallid.  9.  P.  Underwoodii. 

Pileus  rarely  half  this  si2e  and  never  white. 

Surface  light-colored,   isabelline   to    pale-ochra- 

ceous.  10.  P.  elegans. 

Surface  dark-colored,  bright-bay  to  almost  black,     n.  P.  fissus. 

I.      POLYPORUS   FAGICOLA   Mlirrill 

Pileus  circular,  convex  to  plane,  umbilicate,  4-5  X  0.1-0.3  cm.; 
surface  smooth,  pale-avellaneous,  ornamented  with  tufts  of 
innate  fibrils,  which  are  larger  and  darker  near  the  center  and 
somewhat  radially  and  imbricately  arranged;  margin  very 
sharp,  slightly  decurved,  regular  in  outline,  not  ciliate;  context 
thin,  fibrous,  white;  tubes  milk-white,  decurrent,  favoloid,  1-2 
to  a  mm.,  edges  very  thin,  fimbriatulate ;  spores  ellipsoid,  3-4 
X  6-7  fj,',  stipe  central,  solid,  thick,  nearly  equal,  concolorous, 
conspicuously  hispid,  especially  near  the  base,  2  cm.  long,  I  cm. 
thick. 

Collected  once  on  a  beech  log  in  Piscataquis  County,  Maine. 

2.     POLYPORUS  POLYPORUS  (Retz.)  Murrill 

Pileus  circular,  convex  to  plane,  slightly  umbilicate  at  times, 
2-8  X  0.2-0.4  cm.;  surface  fuliginous,  more  rarely  yellowish- 
brown,  hispid-squamulose  to  minutely  hispid;  margin  at  first 
inflexed,  thin,  fimbriate,  often  becoming  wavy  or  lobed;  context 
milk-white,  membranous,  1-3  mm.  thick;  tubes  adnate,  white  to 
pallid,  1-2  mm.  long,  mouths  circular,  regular,  2-3  to  a  mm., 
edges  at  first  thick,  becoming  thin  and  often  dentate  with  age; 
spores  cylindric,  subcurved,  7-8  X  2-3  ju;  stipe  central,  solid, 
woody,  equal,  squamulose,  avellaneous,  not  black  at  the  base, 
2-3  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  thick. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  23 

Very  common  throughout,  especially  northward,  on  fallen 
decayed  wood  of  deciduous  trees. 

3.      POLYPORUS   ADMIRABILIS    Peck 

Pilei  tufted,  more  or  less  imbricate,  united  near  the  base,  the 
cluster  very  large,  30  cm.  or  more  in  diameter,  centrally  depressed 
or  subinfundibuliform,  the  individual  pilei  10-15  cm-  broad, 
1-3  cm.  thick;  surface  white  and  finely  pseudosquamose  when 
young,  sometimes  cracking,  at  length  smooth  and  glabrous  and 
slightly  tinged  with  yellow;  margin  entire,  rather  thick,  incurved; 
context  fleshy-tough  to  rigid  and  friable,  homogeneous,  white  to 
yellowish-discolored,  1-2.5  cm.  thick;  tubes  slender,  3-7  mm. 
long,  white  to  yellowish,  fulvous  with  extreme  age,  mouths 
nearly  circular,  3-4  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  dentate;  spores  globose, 
somewhat  flattened,  5-6  /x;  stipe  short,  thick,  smooth,  glabrous, 
white,  not  blackening,  often  obsolete,  1-2  cm.  long,  3  cm.  thick. 

Occasional  on  decayed  trunks  of  apple  trees  in  Maine,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  Connecticut. 

4.     POLYPORUS  PHAEOXANTHUS  Berk.  &  Mont. 

Pileus  convex,  subhemispheric,  2.5  X  0.5  cm.;  surface  smooth, 
glabrous,  bay-brown;  margin  acute,  straight,  slightly  undulate; 
context  fleshy,  luteous,  rigid,  friable  and  much  shrunken  when 
dry,  1-2  mm.  thick;  tubes  remote,  minute,  very  short,  0.5  mm. 
or  less  in  length,  mouths  irregular,  6-8  to  a  mm.,  edges  thick 
(specimen  young),  obtuse,  luteous;  stipe  central,  cylindric,  solid, 
fleshy,  concolorous,  floccose  at  the  base,  4  cm.  long,  3  mm.  thick. 

Found  once  on  fallen  oak  wood  at  Columbus,  Ohio. 

5.  POLYPORUS  ALBICEPS  Peck 

Pileus  tough,  circular,  plane  or  slightly  depressed,  2.5-5  cm- 
broad,  5-10  mm.  thick;  surface  dry,  glabrous,  opaque,  smooth, 
white;  margin  thin,  entire,  concolorous;  context  white,  4-8  mm. 
thick;  tubes  decurrent,  I  mm.  long,  white  within,  mouths  scarcely 
visible  to  the  unaided  eye,  subcircular,  edges  thin,  white,  dentate; 
stipe  central,  cylindric,  even,  2.5-4  cm-  l°ng»  6~8  mm-  thick, 
resembling  the  pileus  in  surface  and  substance. 

Found  once  on  buried  wood  under  walnut  trees  at  Sea  Beach, 
New  Hampshire. 

6.  POLYPORUS  HUMILIS  Peck 

Pileus  spatulate,  suborbicular  or  reniform,  I  X  2-2.5  X  0.1-0.3 
cm.;  surface  white,  soft,  elastic,  subglabrous,  azonate;  margin 


24  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

sterile,  concolorous,  entire,  acute,  inflexed  when  dry;  context 
less  than  I  mm.  thick,  spongy,  white,  somewhat  fragile  when 
dry;  tubes  1-1.5  mm.  long,  white,  mouths  angular,  regular, 
even,  5  to  a  mm.,  edges  glistening,  thin,  white  to  pallid,  slightly 
dentate;  stipe  lateral,  compressed  or  cylindric,  2.5-5  X  0.3-0.6 
cm.,  resembling  the  pileus  in  surface  and  substance. 

Occasional  in  New  York  on  buried  wood  in  open  woods.  Also 
reported  from  Missouri.  Considered  by  some  a  synonym  of  P. 
fractipes  Berk.  &  Curt. 

7.  POLYPORUS  ARCULARIUS  (Batsch)  Fries 

Pileus  circular,  convex,  umbilicate,  1-2.5  X  0.1-0.2  cm.; 
surface  azonate,  concentrically  rugose  when  dry,  fuscous- 
squamulose  to  fulvous  and  nearly  glabrous ;  margin  acute,  ciliate-- 
dentate,  straight,  inflexed  on  drying;  context  white,  membranous; 
tubes  slightly  decurrent,  rather  firm,  white  to  brownish,  1-2 
mm.  long,  mouths  large,  oblong-rhomboid,  1-2  to  a  mm.,  edges 
thin,  elongate,  denticulate;  spores  cylindric,  pointed  at  the  ends, 
2-guttulate,  copious,  7-8  X  1.5-2.5 /*;  stipe  central,  slender, 
even,  fuscous-gray  to  fulvous,  subsquamulose  to  glabrous  above, 
hispid-tomentose  at  the  base,  2-4  cm.  long,  2-3  mm.  thick. 

Common  throughout  from  Connecticut  southward  and  west- 
ward on  dead  branches  and  trunks  of  various  trees.  P.  arculari- 
formis  Murrill  may  be  a  depauperate  form  of  this  species. 

8.  POLYPORUS  CAUDICINUS  (Scop.)  Murrill 

Sporophore  of  immense  size,  reaching  50  cm.  in  breadth  and 
3  cm.  in  thickness,  usually  found  in  imbricate  masses  projecting 
from  the  trunks  of  living  trees;  pileus  subcircular  and  umbili- 
cate when  young,  soon  becoming  flabelliform  and  explanate; 
surface  ochraceous  to  fulvous,  covered  with  broad,  appressed, 
darker  scales,  which  are  very  close  together  in  young  specimens; 
margin  involute,  thin,  entire;  context  fleshy-tough,  juicy,  milk- 
white,  very  thick,  odor  strong;  tubes  decurrent,  white  or  pale- 
yellowish,  very  short,  mouths  large,  alveolar,  I  mm.  or  more 
in  diameter,  edges  thin  at  maturity,  toothed  at  an  early  age, 
becoming  lacerate;  spores  broadly  ovoid,  12X5  M;  stipe  eccentric 
to  lateral,  obese,  reticulate  above,  clothed  at  the  base  with  short, 
dark-brown  or  black,  velvety  tomentum,  often  reduced,  variable 
in  length. 

Frequent  throughout  on  decayed  trunks  of  various  deciduous 
trees,  appearing  in  the  spring.  This  fungus  is  one  of  the  worst 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  25 

enemies  of  shade  trees  in  Europe,  but  it  is  fortunately  too  rare 
as  yet  in  this  country  to  be  dangerous. 

9.     POLYPORUS  UNDERWOODII  Murrill 

Pileus  varying  from  convex  to  deeply  concave,  12-25  cm-  m 
diameter,  averaging  0.5  cm.  in  thickness;  surface  obscurely 
concentrically  zonate,  milk-white,  pruinose,  cremeous  on  drying, 
the  center  depressed  and  avellaneous;  margin  irregularly  undu- 
late, lobed,  either  deflexed  or  recurved,  very  thin,  not  ciliate; 
context  white,  fleshy,  tough,  2-5  mm.  thick;  tubes  milk-white, 
2-3  mm.  long,  5-6  to  a  mm.,  cylindric,  edges  thin,  entire  to 
lacerate;  spores  ellipsoid,  6-7  X  3/*;  stipe  short,  central,  solid, 
woody,  equal  or  tapering  downward,  smooth,  pruinose,  white 
above,  fuliginous  below,  3  cm.  long,  2-3  cm.  thick. 

Occasional  on  dead  roots  of  deciduous  trees  in  Massachusetts, 
Connecticut,  and  New  York. 

10.     POLYPORUS  ELEGANS  (Bull.)  Fries 

Pileus  flabelliform  to  subcircular,  scarcely  depressed  behind, 
convex  or  nearly  plane,  2-6  X  3-10  X  0.2-1  cm.;  surface  dis- 
tinctly radiate-striate,  pruinose  when  young,  becoming  glabrous 
and  pale-ochraceous  at  maturity;  margin  thin,  at  first  inflexed, 
often  becoming  wavy  or  much  lobed  and  folded  with  age,  not 
ciliate;  context  white  or  pallid,  corky,  1-5  mm.  thick;  tubes  pale- 
avellaneous,  1-3  mm.  long,  cylindric,  mouths  angular  to  sub- 
circular,  entire,  at  first  white,  glistening,  pale-umbrinous  with 
age,  4-5  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  entire ;  spores  oblong,  7-8  X  3~3-5  AI ; 
stipe  eccentric  or  lateral,  rarely  central,  woody,  smooth,  pallid 
above,  abruptly  black  and  scutate  below,  1-4  cm.  long,  2-5  mm. 
thick. 

Common  throughout,  especially  northward,  on  fallen  branches 
and  trunks  of  deciduous  trees. 

ii.     POLYPORUS  FISSUS  Berk. 

Pileus  flabelliform  to  subcircular,  often  depressed  at  the  disk 
or  behind,  convex,  very  variable  in  size,  5-15  X  7-20  X  0.3-1 
cm.;  surface  glabrous,  minutely  radiate-striate,  bay  or  fuliginous, 
rugose  on  the  disk;  margin  thin,  fertile,  wavy  or  lobed,  often 
splitting  with  age;  context  corky,  pallid,  2-8  mm.  thick;  tubes 
white  to  yellowish-brown,  decurrent,  2  mm.  long,  cylindric, 
slender,  mouths  subcircular,  very  minute,  6-7  to  a  mm.,  edges 
thin,  entire,  becoming  elongate  with  age;  stipe  eccentric,  varying 
to  central  or  lateral,  usually  tapering  above,  fuliginous  to  nearly 
black,  pruinose,  rugose,  2-6  cm.  long,  0.5-2  cm.  thick. 


26  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

Common  throughout,  especially  southward,  on  fallen  dead 
wood  of  deciduous  trees. 

13.     ABORTIPORUS   Murrill 

Hymenophore  annual,  tough,  humus-loving;  stipe  normally 
central,  often  obsolete;  context  yellowish-white,  duplex,  spongy 
above,  woody  below,  tubes  thin- walled,  mouths  polygonal; 
spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

i.    ABORTIPORUS  DISTORTUS  (Schw.)  Murrill 

Pileus  normally  thin,  plane  or  depressed,  circular  and  centrally 
stipitate  when  properly  developed,  but  often  aborted  and  very 
irregular,  varying  to  entirely  resupinate  forms,  6-13  cm.  in 
diameter,  0.3-1  cm.  thick;  surface  conspicuously  and  compactly 
tomentose,  anoderm,  azonate,  smooth,  white  to  alutaceous; 
margin  thin,  undulate  to  lobed,  concolorous;  context  soft  and 
spongy  above,  hard  and  woody  below,  white  or  isabelline,  3-5 
mm.  thick;  tubes  annual,  decurrent,  white,  1-5  mm.  long,  mouths 
irregular,  variable,  2-3  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  entire  to  dentate; 
spores  subglobose,  5-7  n  long;  stipe  central,  unequal,  very  vari- 
able, often  obsolete,  resembling  the  pileus  in  surface  and  context. 

Frequent  throughout  about  stumps  and  buried  wood  of 
deciduous  trees. 

14.     SCUTIGER   Paulet 

Hymenophore  simple,  terrestrial,  annual,  mesopous,  usually 
bright-colored;  surface  anoderm,  variously  decorated;  context 
white,  rarely  colored,  fleshy  to  tough,  rigid  and  fragile  when 
dry;  hymenium  porose,  white  or  colored,  tubes  thin-walled ;  spores 
smooth  or  rarely  echinulate,  hyaline. 

Surface  of  pileus  uneven,  squamose  or  rugose,  yellow.  i.  5.  Ellisii. 

Surface  of  pileus  smooth,  tomentose  or  glabrous. 
Pileus  light-colored. 

Pileus  white.  2.  5.  cryptopus. 

Pileus  blue  when  fresh,  changing  to  brown  on  drying.     3.  S.  caeruleoporus. 
Pileus  dark-colored,  gray  or  brown. 
Stipe  black  and  rooting. 

Pileus  smoky-brown,  subtomentose;  tubes  regular, 

entire.  4.  S.  radicaius. 

Pileus   drab-colored,    nearly   glabrous;    tubes   ir- 
regular, toothed.  S.  5.  subradicatus. 
Stipe  neither  black  nor  rooting. 

Pileus  gray;  stipe  short,  concolorous.  6.  S.  griseus. 

Pileus    brown;    stipe    yellowish-brown,     usually 

eccentric.  7.  S.  Whiteae. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  27 

i.     SCUTIGER  ELLISII  (Berk.)  Murrill 

Pileus  reniform,  convex,  cespitose,  12-15  cm.  broad,  1-2  cm. 
thick;  surface  sulphur-yellow  with  a  greenish  tint,  very  rough, 
with  broad,  floccose,  imbricate  scales;  margin  thick,  con- 
colorous,  inflexed;  context  white  or  slightly  yellowish,  fleshy, 
firm,  rather  hard  when  dry,  with  a  strong  unpleasant  odor  when 
fresh,  i  cm.  or  more  thick;  tubes  subdecurrent,  3-5  mm.  long, 
mouths  large,  1-2  to  a  mm.,  irregular,  angular,  edges  thin,  white 
to  yellowish,  changing  to  greenish  where  wounded;  spores  ovoid, 
smooth,  9  X  6/j;  stipe  lateral  or  eccentric,  slightly  flattened, 
irregularly  roughened,  solid,  subreticulate,  dark-yellow,  hard 
and  corky  within,  7-8  cm.  long,  4-5  cm.  thick. 

Found  rarely  on  clayey  soil  in  low  woods  in  New  Jersey,  as 
well  as  in  South  Carolina  and  Alabama. 

2.  SCUTIGER  CRYPTOPUS  (Ellis  &  Earth.)  Murrill 
Pileus  circular,  convex,  3-7  cm.  broad,  3-4  mm.  thick;  surface 
glabrous,  very  smooth,  white  or  slightly  grayish;  margin  very 
thin,  inflexed  when  dry,  concolorous,  entire;  context  white, 
1-2  mm.  thick;  tubes  white  or  yellowish,  1-2  mm.  long,  slightly 
decurrent,  mouths  angular,  large,  1-2  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin, 
entire  or  fimbriate;  spores  ellipsoid,  pointed,  smooth,  hyaline, 
5-7X3-4^1;  stipe  central,  bulbous  at  the  base,  cylindric, 
darker  than  the  pileus,  1.5-2  cm.  long,  3-7  mm.  thick. 

Occasional  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  attached  to  dead  grass 
roots  in  sandy  pastures.  Reported  also  from  North  Dakota. 

3.  SCUTIGER  CAERULEOPORUS  (Peck)  Murrill 
Pilei  gregarious  or  cespitose;  pileus  broadly  convex,  circular 
in  outline,  2.5-5  X  0.7-1  cm.;  surface  subtomentose,  hygro- 
phanous  when  fresh,  isabelline  to  fulvous;  context  fleshy,  fragile, 
white,  becoming  yellowish-white  when  dry;  tubes  decurrent, 
short,  3-5  mm.  long,  grayish-blue  when  fresh,  becoming  lateri- 
ceous  within  in  dried  specimens,  mouths  angular,  irregular, 
2-3  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  uneven,  toothed,  grayish-blue  when 
fresh,  becoming  bay  in  dried  specimens;  stipe  central  or  eccentric, 
solid,  concolorous  or  tinged  with  the  color  of  the  pores,  4-5  cm. 
long,  about  5  mm.  thick. 

Occasional  on  the  ground  in  woods  in  New  York,  New  Eng- 
land, and  eastern  Canada. 

4.    SCUTIGER  RADICATUS  (Schw.)  Murrill 
Pileus  solitary,  fleshy,  convex  or  plane,  circular  in  outline, 
depressed  at  the  center,  10  cm.  broad,  5-9  mm.  thick;  surface 


28  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

tomentose,  subsquamulose,  brown  or  reddish-brown;  margin 
thin,  concolorous,  incurved  when  dry;  context  soft,  spongy, 
white,  homogeneous,  3-6  mm.  thick;  tubes  decurrent,  short, 
white  to  isabelline,  mouths  subcircular,  2-3  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin, 
white  or  yellowish,  entire;  spores  ovoid  or  ellipsoid,  smooth, 
12-16  X  6-8  /*;  stipe  central,  fusiform,  cylindric  above,  expanding 
into  the  pileus,  elastic,  solid,  velvety,  reticulate,  pale-fulvous, 
black  and  rooting  below. 

Frequent  throughout  most  of  the  region  about  rotten  stumps 
or  trunks.  Polyporus  hispidellus  Peck  differs  in  its  stiff,  erect 
hairs,  lateral  or  eccentric  stipe,  and  smaller  spores.  It  is  occa- 
sional northward,  extending  across  the  continent  from  Prince 
Edward  Island  to  Washington. 

5.      SCUTIGER   SUBRADICATUS   Murrill 

Pileus  irregular  in  outline,  convex  to  plane,  12  X  9  X  0.5  cm.; 
surface  fibrillose,  drab-colored  to  isabelline;  margin  very  thin, 
inflexed  when  young,  irregularly  undulate  at  maturity;  context 
fleshy-tough,  1-7  mm.  thick,  milk-white  even  when  dry;  tubes 
mere  areoles  at  first,  short  and  small  at  maturity,  scarcely  I  mm. 
in  length,  3-4  to  a  mm.,  decurrent  to  the  blackened  part  of  the 
stipe,  white,  yellowish  when  dry,  mouths  polygonal,  regular,  at 
length  much  elongate  by  confluence  or  otherwise  irregular, 
edges  thin,  toothed  or  fimbriate  when  mature;  spores  ovate  to 
ellipsoid,  smooth,  hyaline,  not  abundant,  5-7X3-4^;  stipe 
short,  thick,  central,  tapering  and  attached  at  the  base,  sooty- 
black  up  to  the  pores,  4  X  2.5  cm.;  context  milk-white,  firm, 
fleshy-tough,  surface  minutely  tomentose,  rugose-reticulate  when 
dry. 

Found  occasionally  attached  to  buried  dead  wood  in  Ontario, 
New  York,  and  Wisconsin. 

6.    SCUTIGER  GRISEUS  (Peck)  Murrill 

Pileus  circular,  often  irregular,  convex,  7-12  cm.  broad,  I  cm. 
or  less  thick;  surface  glabrous  or  minutely  tomentose,  cinereous, 
slightly  darker  towards  the  center;  margin  thin,  concolorous, 
often  incurved  on  drying,  irregular,  undulate  to  lobed;  context 
soft-fleshy,  rosy-gray,  about  5  mm.  thick;  tubes  slightly  decur- 
rent, 1-2  mm.  long,  whitish-stuffed  when  young,  white  to  pale- 
umbrinous  within,  mouths  subangular,  unequal,  2-4  to  a  mm., 
edges  thin,  entire  to  fimbriate,  lacerate  with  age,  white  when 
young,  becoming  gray  or  umbrinous;  spores  subglobose,  echinu- 
late,  5-6  X  4.5-5 /*;  stipe  central,  thick,  short,  bulbous  at  the 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  29 

base,  with  surface  and  substance  resembling  that  of  the  pileus 
but  darker  in  color,  4-5  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm-  thick. 

Frequent  on  the  ground  in  woods  in  New  York,  Massachusetts, 
and  southward. 

7.    SCUTIGER  WHITEAE  Murrill 

Pilei  cespitose,  often  confluent  at  the  base,  all  stages  of  develop- 
ment being  found  in  one  cluster;  pileus  subcircular  in  outline, 
convex,  depressed  at  the  center,  8-12  X  0.5-1  cm.;  surface 
pruinose,  velvety  to  the  touch,  isabelline  to  fulvous;  margin 
acute,  at  first  inflexed,  irregularly  undulate  at  maturity;  context 
fleshy-tough,  0.2-0.5  cm.  thick,  of  nutty  flavor,  rose-tinted  when 
dry,  dark-red  next  to  the  tubes;  tubes  0.1-0.3  cm.  long,  3  to  a 
mm.,  very  decurrent,  white  when  young  and  fresh,  rose-colored 
when  bruised  or  dried,  mouths  circular  or  subcircular,  edges  thin, 
fimbriate;  spores  ovoid,  smooth,  copious,  3.5  X  5  ju ;  stipe  short, 
usually  eccentric,  enlarged  at  the  base,  3  X  2-4  cm.,  concolorous, 
tough. 

Occasional  in  damp,  shaded  places  in  New  England. 

15.     GRIFOLA  (Micheli)  S.  F.  Gray 

Hymenophore  large,  annual,  stipitate,  compound,  intricately 
branched  or  lobed,  humus-loving  or  epixylous,  rarely  terrestrial, 
usually  found  at  the  base  of  a  tree-trunk;  surface  smooth, 
pallid  to  gray  or  brown;  context  white,  fleshy  or  fleshy-tough, 
rigid  and  fragile  when  dry;  tubes  large,  irregular,  thin-walled, 
becoming  friable  or  laciniate  with  age;  spores  hyaline,  smooth 
or  rarely  verrucose. 

Hymenium  ochraceous,  becoming  dirty-yellow  with  age;  plants 
terrestrial,    irregularly   confluent,    olivaceous   to   greenish- 
yellow,  i.  G.  flavovirens. 
Hymenium  at  first  fuliginous,  becoming  paler.                                 2.  G.  Sumstinei. 
Hymenium  white  or  pallid  from  the  first. 

Surface  of  pileus  gray  or  grayish- brown  to  coffee-colored; 
stipe  intricately  branched;  pileoli  very  numerous 
and  small. 

Pileoli  lateral,  spatulate  or  dimidiate.  3-  G.  frondosa. 

Pileoli  centrally  attached,  circular  and  umbilicate.  4.  G.  ramosissima. 

Surface  of  pileus  pallid  or  alutaceous;  stipe  not  intricately 
branched,   lobes  usually  few  in  number  and  com- 
paratively large. 
Sporophore  of  immense  size,  20-60  cm.  in  diameter; 

spores  echinulate,  8-9  ju.  5-  G.  Berkeleyi. 

Sporophore  small  for  the  genus,  only  10  cm.  or  less  in 

diameter;  spores  smooth,  ovoid,  much  smaller.  6.  G.  Peckiana. 


30  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

i.     GRIFOLA  FLAVOVIRENS  (Berk.  &  Rav.)  Murrill,  comb.  nov. 

Pileus  at  first  simple  and  centrally  stipitate,  becoming  imbri- 
cate-multiplex  when  fully  developed,  8-20  cm.  in  diameter; 
pileoli  soft,  fleshy,  fragile  when  dry,  circular  to  flabelliform, 
pulvinate  or  depressed  to  applanate,  5-10  cm.  broad,  5-8  mm. 
thick;  surface  sordid-yellow,  with  yellowish-green  zones,  be- 
coming dull-yellowish-green,  finely  tomentose  to  subglabrous; 
margin  irregular,  undulate  to  lobed,  concolorous;  context  fleshy, 
very  fragile  when  dry,  2-4  mm.  thick,  white  to  yellowish;  tubes 
very  decurrent,  yellow  to  yellowish-green,  3-5  mm.  long,  mouths 
irregular,  circular  to  sinuous,  1-2  to  a  mm.,  at  first  milk-white, 
becoming  dirty-yellow,  edges  thin,  fragile,  lacerate  with  age; 
spores  subglobose,  smooth,  3-4.5  M;  stipe  central  or  eccentric, 
pallid,  3-6  cm.  long,  1-1.5  cm-  thick,  becoming  tubercular  and 
connate-ramose  at  maturity. 

Frequent  on  the  ground  in  woods  throughout  the  eastern 
United  States  westward  to  Missouri.  Very  near  P.  cristatus  of 
Europe.  Grifola  poripes  (Fries)  Murrill  is  distinct  and  doubtful. 

2.     GRIFOLA  SUMSTINEI  Murrill 

A  very  large  plant  resembling  G.frondosa  in  habit  and  general 
appearance,  but  with  fewer  and  broader  pileoli,  darker  surface, 
and  darker  hymenium.  Pileus  imbricate-multiplex,  20  X  30 
cm.;  pileoli  flabelliform  to  spatulate,  6-8  X  6-8  X  0.3-0.5  cm.; 
surface  radiate-rugose,  finely  tomentose,  light-  to  dark-brown; 
margin  very  thin,  fissured  and  strongly  inflexed  when  dry;  con- 
text white,  fibrous,  fleshy-tough  to  almost  leathery,  0.3  cm. 
thick;  tubes  0.2  cm.  long,  7  to  a  mm.,  at  first  fuliginous,  becoming 
pallid  at  maturity,  polygonal,  irregular,  edges  very  thin  and 
fragile,  becoming  lacerate;  spores  globose,  smooth,  copious, 
5  n;  stipe  tubercular,  woody,  blackish  below,  connate-ramose, 
lighter-colored,  passing  insensibly  into  the  pileoli  above. 

Occasional  about  old  stumps  and  trunks  of  deciduous  trees 
from  New  York  to  Missouri  and  southward.  P.  giganteus  of 
Europe  is  very  similar  in  appearance. 

3.     GRIFOLA  FRONDOSA  (Dicks.)  S.  F.  Gray 

Pileus  imbricate-multiplex,  15-40  cm.  in  diameter;  pileoli  very 
numerous,  branching  from  a  common  trunk,  imbricate  or  con- 
fluent, variable  in  size  and  shape,  dimidiate  to  flabelliform,  1 .5-6 
cm.  broad;  surface  smoky-gray,  fibrillose,  radiate-striate ;  margin 
thin,  undulate  or  lobed,  strongly  inflexed  when  dry;  context 
white,  very  thin,  tough,  fragile,  having  the  odor  of  mice;  tubes 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  31 

white,  2-3  mm.  long,  mouths  circular  and  regular  when  young, 
3  to  a  mm.,  often  large  and  angular  with  age,  edges  white,  thin, 
entire  to  lacerate;  spores  subglobose  to  ellipsoid,  smooth,  hyaline; 
stipe  tubercular,  white,  connate-ramose. 

Common  throughout  at  the  base  of  oak  trees,  causing  serious 
decay.  Edible  when  young. 

4.     GRIFOLA  RAMOSISSIMA  (Scop.)  Murrill 

Pileus  imbricate-multiplex,  densely  clustered,  squarrose,  um- 
bellate, 12-20  cm.  broad;  pileoli  very  numerous,  quite  regular, 
circular  in  outline,  depressed  at  the  center,  1-4  cm.  in  diameter; 
surface  usually  fuliginous,  sometimes  light-brown  or  even  white, 
fibrillose,  very  rugose  when  dry;  margin  thin,  inflexed;  context 
white,  fibrous,  very  thin,  fragile  when  dry;  tubes  decurrent, 
shallow,  mouths  angular,  2-3  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  entire  to 
lacerate;  spores  oblong,  9-10X3-4/4;  stipe  tubercular,  with 
long  cylindric  branches,  which  are  white  and  usually  entirely 
covered  with  tubes. 

Occasional  at  the  base  of  oak  trees  throughout  most  of  the 
region. 

5.     GRIFOLA  BERKELEYI  (Fries)  Murrill 

Pileus  imbricate-multiplex,  15-50  cm.  broad,  10-20  cm.  high; 
pileoli  very  broad,  applanate  to  infundibuliform,  thin,  5-15  cm. 
broad,  5-15  mm.  thick;  surface  white  to  obscurely  alutaceous, 
subtomentose,  rugose-undulate;  margin  acute,  undulate  to 
lobed,  sterile,  often  inflexed;  context  white,  tough,  fragile  when 
dry,  homogeneous,  milky  in  young  plants,  5-10  mm.  thick; 
tubes  decurrent,  white,  unequal,  2-5  mm.  long,  mouths  angular, 
about  i  mm.  broad,  edges  soft,  white,  entire,  very  fragile  when 
dry;  spores  globose,  roughly  echinulate,  6-8/1;  stipe  short, 
tubercular,  5-10  cm.  thick. 

Frequent  throughout  at  the  base  of  oak  trees,  causing  serious 
decay.  In  Idaho,  this  species  also  attacks  the  roots  of  the  larch. 

6.     GRIFOLA  PECKIANA  (Cooke)  Murrill,  comb.  nov. 

Pileus  fleshy,  tenacious,  usually  somewhat  cespitose-multiplex, 
circular  to  eccentric  or  infundibuliform,  often  depressed,  5-10  cm. 
broad;  surface  luteous  lightly  marked  with  obscurer  lines,  gla- 
brous or  slightly  villose,  especially  on  the  disk,  margin  thin, 
concolorous,  usually  undulate  or  lobed,  inflexed  when  dry;  con- 
text fleshy,  very  fragile  when  dry,  white,  1-2  mm.  thick;  tubes 
decurrent,  white  to  yellowish,  1-2  mm.  long,  mouths  small, 
angular,  4-5  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  fragile,  fimbriate;  stipe  usually 


32  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

multiple,  central  or  eccentric,  sometimes  distorted,  equal  or 
slightly  attenuate  below,  paler  than  the  pileus,  glabrous,  solid, 
4  cm.  or  more  long,  5-18  mm.  thick. 

Occasional  in  eastern  Canada,  New  York,  and  Wisconsin, 
occurring  on  the  ground  in  woods,  usually  associated  with  decay- 
ing wood.  This  species  has  been  confused  with  Polyporus 
fractipes  Berk.  &  Curt.,  described  from  South  Carolina. 

1 6.     PYCNOPORELLUS   Murrill 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  sessile,  dimidiate,  simple  or 
imbricate,  reddish  or  orange-colored  throughout;  surface  ano- 
derm,  margin  thin;  context  thin,  friable;  tubes  thin-walled, 
fragile,  at  length  lacerate;  spores  smooth,  hyaline  or  pale- 
yellowish. 

i.     PYCNOPORELLUS  FIBRILLOSUS  (P.  Karst.)  Murrill 

Pileus  soft,  spongy,  fragile  when  dry,  thin,  dimidiate,  imbri- 
cate, 3-5  X  6-8  X  0.5-1  cm.;  surface  anoderm,  orange-colored, 
nbrillose-tomentose,  zonate,  at  times  uneven  and  sodden  in 
appearance;  margin  thin,  subentire,  tomentose,  paler;  context 
obscurely  zoned,  orange-colored,  friable  when  dry,  spongy  and 
absorbing  water  when  fresh,  3-5  mm.  thick;  tubes  annual,  3-5 
mm.  long,  pallid  to  orange-colored,  mouths  angular,  irregular, 
1-2  to  a  mm.,  edges  very  thin,  pallid  and  entire  when  young,  at 
length  orange-colored  and  very  lacerate;  spores  smooth,  oblong, 
hyaline  or  pale-yellowish,  6-7  X  3-4  ju. 

Occasional  on  dead  coniferous  wood  in  New  York  and  north- 
ward, extending  around  the  world.  Reported  from  Massachu- 
setts on  maple. 

17.     PYCNOPORUS   P.   Karst. 

Hymenophore  annual,  sometimes  reviving,  epixylous,  sessile, 
dimidiate,  simple  or  imbricate,  rarely  pseudo-stipitate ;  surface 
anoderm,  slightly  pelliculose  at  times,  zonate  or  azonate,  bright- 
or  dull-red;  context  red,  soft-corky  to  punky;  hymenium  con- 
colorous,  tubes  small,  firm,  thin-walled;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

i.     PYCNOPORUS  CINNABARINUS  (Jacq.)  P.  Karst. 

Pileus  convex-plane,  dimidiate,  laterally  extended,  reviving 
the  second  season,  4-6  X  5-10  X  0.5-1  cm.;  surface  azonate, 
rugulose,  pruinose  to  tomentose,  at  length  glabrous,  the  color 
changing  from  light-orange  to  cinnabar-red,  often  fading  with 
age;  margin  acute,  except  in  large  plants,  faintly  zonate;  context 
floccose,  elastic,  zonate,  reddish;  tubes  nearly  equaling  the 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  33 

context,  firm,  miniatous  within,  the  mouths  small,  2-3  to  a  mm., 
regular,  coccineous,  dissepiments  rather  thin,  entire;  spores 
6-8  X  2-3  p. 

Common  throughout  on  dead  wood  of  various  deciduous  trees. 

18.    AURANTIPORUS   Murrill 

Hymenophore  large,  annual,  epixylous,  sessile,  dimidiate; 
surface  anoderm,  sodden,  bibulous,  reddish-orange,  soon  fading; 
context  reddish-yellow,  fleshy- tough  to  woody,  juicy  when 
fresh,  rigid  when  dry,  conspicuously  zonate;  tubes  small,  slender, 
thin- walled,  brilliant-orange  when  fresh,  becoming  dark,  resinous, 
and  fragile  on  drying;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

i.    AURANTIPORUS  PILOTAE  (Schw.)  Murrill 

Pileus  sessile,  often  subradicate,  dimidiate,  convex,  8-20 
X  10-40  X  1-3  cm.;  surface  rugose,  sodden,  velvety  with  short 
hairs,  ochraceous  or  reddish-orange,  soon  fading,  brownish 
behind;  margin  ochraceous,  sterile,  tumid,  becoming  thinner  at 
maturity;  context  melleous,  tough,  watery,  elastic,  rigid  when 
dry,  conspicuously  marked  with  sordid  zones,  odor  strong  but 
not  characteristic;  tubes  5-10  mm.  long,  luteous-orange  to 
bright-orange  when  fresh,  becoming  dark  and  resinous  on  drying, 
the  mouths  small,  regular,  concolorous,  4-5  to  a  mm.,  dissepi- 
ments thin,  minutely  fimbriate;  spores  3-4  X  2-3  /*. 

Frequent  throughout  on  much-decayed  oak  and  chestnut  logs. 
Probably  not  distinct  from  P.  croceus  Pers.  of  Europe. 

19.     LAETIPORUS   Murrill 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  fleshy,  anoderm,  cespitose- 
multiplex;  context  cheesy  to  fragile,  light-colored;  tubes  thin- 
walled,  fragile,  bright-yellow,  mouths  irregularly  polygonal; 
spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

i.    LAETIPORUS  SPECIOSUS  (Batt.)  Murrill 

Hymenophore  cespitose-multiplex,  30-60  cm.  broad;  pileus 
cheesy,  not  becoming  rigid,  reniform,  very  broad,  more  or  less 
stipitate,  5-15  X  7-20  X  0.5-1  cm.;  surface  finely  tomentose  to 
glabrous,  rugose,  anoderm,  subzonate  at  times,  varying  from 
lemon-yellow  to  orange,  fading  out  with  age;  margin  thin,  fer- 
tile, concolorous,  subzonate,  finely  tomentose,  undulate,  rarely 
lobed ;  context  cheesy,  very  fragile  when  dry,  yellow  when  fresh, 
usually  white  in  dried  specimens,  3-7  mm.  thick;  tubes  annual, 
2-3  mm.  long,  sulphur-yellow  within,  mouths  minute,  angular, 


34  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

somewhat  irregular,  3-4  to  a  mm.,  edges  very  thin,  lacerate, 
sulphur-yellow,  the  color  fairly  permanent  in  dried  specimens; 
spores  ovoid,  smooth  or  finely  papillate,  6-8  X  3-5  M- 

Common  throughout  on  living  trunks  of  all  our  deciduous 
and  evergreen  trees,  causing  a  very  serious  heart-rot.  It  is  one 
of  the  best  edible  fungi. 

20.  CERRENELLA   Murrill 

Hymenophore  thin,  effused-reflexed,  annual,  epixylous;  surface 
brown,  zonate,  anoderm,  margin  thin;  context  thin,  coriaceous, 
brown;  hymenium  at  first  poroid,  very  soon  becoming  irpiciform, 
the  teeth  irregular  and  compressed;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

i.     CERRENELLA  FARINACEA  (Fries)  Murrill 

Pileus  very  thin,  soft,  flexible,  coriaceous,  entirely  resupinate 
or  effused-reflexed,  the  reflexed  portion  dimidiate,  imbricate, 
laterally  connate,  o-i  X  1-5  X  o.i  cm.;  surface  finely  con- 
centrically striate,  tomentose,  umbrinous-chestnut;  margin  very 
thin,  undulate  to  lobed,  sterile;  context  membranous,  concolor- 
ous,  papery- thin;  tubes  short,  I  mm.  or  less,  irregular,  2-3  to  a 
mm.,  edges  thin,  fimbriate  to  lacerate,  dentate,  separated  at  a 
very  young  stage  forming  an  irpiciform  hymenium,  yellowish- 
green  to  olive  and  finally  cinereous  and  farinaceous;  spores 
6-7  X  2.5  M. 

Occasional  on  decaying  branches  of  oak  and  other  hardwood 
trees  in  Iowa,  Ohio,  and  southward. 

21.  CORIOLOPSIS   Murrill 

Hymenophore  thin,  flexible  or  rigid,  annual,  epixylous,  sessile, 
dimidiate,  often  largely  resupinate;  surface  light-brown  to  bay- 
black,  zonate,  anoderm,  rarely  encrusted  with  age,  hairy;  margin 
thin;  context  thin,  coriaceous  to  woody,  isabelline  to  purplish- 
umbrinous,  rarely  almost  white;  hymenium  concolorous;  tubes 
small,  regular,  thin-walled,  entire;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

i.     CORIOLOPSIS  RIGIDA  (Berk.  &  Mont.)  Murrill 

Pileus  thin,  coriaceous,  flexible  to  rigid,  effused-reflexed, 
imbricate,  laterally  connate,  the  reflexed  portion  flabelliform, 
applanate  or  conchate,  0.5-3  X  3-6  X  0.1-0.2  cm.;  surface 
spuriously  zoned,  sometimes  zonate  behind,  concentrically  fur- 
rowed at  times,  hirsute  to  hispid,  nearly  white  to  isabelline; 
margin  very  thin,  pallid,  undulate  to  lobed;  context  pallid  to 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  35 

isabelline,  membranous;  tubes  very  short,  grayish-isabelline 
within,  mouths  fairly  regular,  circular  to  slightly  angular,  3-4 
to  a  mm.,  edges  white  to  grayish-white  and  finally  isabelline, 
rather  thick  at  first,  becoming  thin,  entire  and  slightly  uneven. 
Occasional  on  dead  wood  from  Pennsylvania  to  southern 
Michigan  and  southward. 

22.     FUNALIA   Pat. 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  sessile,  dimidiate,  often  semi- 
resupinate;  surface  anoderm,  hairy  to  aculeate;  context  light- 
brown,  more  or  less  duplex,  spongy  above,  coriaceous  to  woody 
below;  tubes  usually  large,  thin-walled,  more  or  less  lacerate; 
spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

i.     FUNALIA  STUPPEA  (Berk.)  Murrill 

Pileus  corky  to  woody,  variable  in  size,  dimidiate,  decurrent, 
imbricate,  convex  above,  2-6  X  5-12  X  0.5-3  cm.;  surface 
ferruginous  to  fulvous,  hirsute  to  villose,  azonate,  sulcate  at 
times;  margin  thin  or  rounded,  concolorous,  entire  or  slightly 
undulate;  context  isabelline,  zonate,  corky  to  woody,  duplex 
in  large  specimens,  being  softer  above,  0.3-1.5  cm.  thick;  tubes 
rather  long,  3-12  mm.,  whitish-isabelline  within,  mouths  rather 
variable  in  size,  subcircular  to  angular,  distorted  with  age, 
averaging  about  I  mm.  in  diameter,  edges  thin,  fimbriate  to 
toothed,  isabelline  to  fuscous;  spores  oblong  or  slightly  curved, 
11-13  X  3-5-4  A*- 

Frequent  throughout  on  dead  poplar  trunks  and  less  common 
on  willow  and  a  few  other  trees.  Very  similar  in  some  of  its 
forms  to  Trametes  hispida  Bagl.  of  Europe. 

23.     HAPALOPILUS   P.  Karst. 

Hymenophore  annual,  rarely  perennial,  epixylous,  sessile, 
dimidiate,  simple  or  imbricate;  surface  anoderm,  rarely  pellicu- 
lose,  zonate  or  azonate,  usually  brown  and  glabrous;  context 
brown,  leathery  or  corky,  tough  or  rarely  friable  when  dry; 
hymenium  usually  differently  colored,  tubes  small,  thin- walled; 
spores  small,  usually  ovoid,  hyaline. 

Hymenium  concolorous;  context  soft  and  friable.  I.  H.  rutilans. 

Hymenium  differently  colored;  context  rigid  or  corky,  not  friable.     2.  H.  gilvus. 

i.     HAPALOPILUS  RUTILANS  (Pers.)  Murrill 

Pileus  thick,  convex  above  and  below,  very  soft,  fleshy, 
dimidiate,  usually  broadly  attached,  more  or  less  imbricate  at 


36  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

times,  2-4  X  3.5-7  X  0.5-1.5  cm.;  surface  smooth,  anoderm, 
azonate,  finely  villose  to  glabrous,  ochraceous-isabelline  to  bay- 
brown;  margin  rather  thick,  entire  or  undulate,  becoming  red- 
dish-brown when  bruised;  context  spongy,  friable  when  dry, 
ochraceous-isabelline,  3-7  mm.  thick;  tubes  rather  long,  slender, 
isabelline  to  pale-fulvous,  3-6  mm.  long,  mouths  angular, 
averaging  3  to  a  mm.,  somewhat  irregular  with  age,  edges 
isabelline,  whitish  when  young,  thin,  very  fragile,  subentire; 
spores  ellipsoid  or  globose,  3  X  2.5  /x. 

Frequent  on  dead  deciduous  wood,  especially  hickory,  from 
Canada  southward  to  Virginia  and  Kansas. 

2.     HAPALOPILUS  GILVUS  (Schw.)  Murrill 

Pileus  corky,  dimidiate,  imbricate,  applanate  or  conchate, 
3-6  X  5-10  X  0.5-1.5  cm.;  surface  finely  tomentose  to  glabrous, 
azonate,  isabelline  to  fulvous,  often  marked  with  indistinct 
purplish-fuscous  bands,  rugulose  to  uneven;  margin  thin,  fer- 
ruginous, entire  to  undulate,  abruptly  sterile;  context  ferruginous, 
fibrous-spongy  to  corky,  zonate,  3-7  mm.  thick;  tubes  short, 
slender,  avellaneous  to  grayish-umbrinous  within,  3-5  mm.  long, 
often  found  stratified,  especially  in  the  tropics,  mouths  small, 
regular,  circular  to  angular,  6-8  to  a  mm.,  edges  at  first  thick, 
pale-ferruginous,  becoming  thin,  entire,  glistening,  olivaceous- 
fuscous  to  purplish-fuscous;  spores  elongate-ellipsoid,  4-6 
X2-4/z;  cystidia  chestnut-colored,  ovate-subulate,  15-20  X 
4-5  M- 

Extremely  common  on  dead  deciduous  wood  throughout. 
Also  reported  common  on  red  cedar  about  Washington,  D.  C. 

24.     ISCHNODERMA   P.  Karst. 

Hymenophore  large,  annual,  epixylous,  sessile;  surface  pellicu- 
lose,  glabrous;  context  light-brown,  fleshy  to  slightly  corky, 
friable  when  dry;  tubes  small,  thin-walled;  spores  smooth, 
hyaline. 

i.     ISCHNODERMA  FULIGINOSUM  (Scop.)  Murrill 

Pileus  very  large,  subimbricate,  laterally  connate,  effused- 
reflexed,  often  covering  the  entire  under  surface  of  logs,  the 
reflexed  portion  applanate,  5-15  cm.  long,  10  to  many  cm. 
broad,  1-2.5  crn-  thick;  surface  pelliculose,  floccose,  rugose, 
zonate,  fuliginous,  ivory-black,  and  dark-fulvous,  with  a  con- 
spicuous resinous  appearance;  margin  acute,  concolorous,  inflexed 
on  drying,  entire  or  undulate;  context  fleshy,  becoming  corky 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  37 

with  age,  very  firm  and  rather  fragile  when  dry,  light-brown, 
5-10  mm.  thick;  tubes  pallid  to  umbrinous,  5-8  mm.  long, 
mouths  minute,  white,  angular,  equal,  becoming  umbrinous  and 
somewhat  irregular  with  age,  edges  thin,  fimbriate  to  lacerate; 
spores  cylindric,  subcurved,  4-6  X  1.5-2  M- 

Frequent  throughout  on  fallen  trunks  of  basswood,  maple, 
fir,  spruce,  and  certain  other  trees. 

25.  ANTRODIA  P.  Karst. 

Hymenophore  small,  annual,  epixylous,  sessile  or  semi- 
resupinate;  surface  zonate,  encrusted,  glabrous;  context  thin, 
light-brown,  fibrous;  tubes  short,  firm,  thin-walled;  spores 
smooth,  hyaline. 

i.    ANTRODIA  MOLLIS  (Sommerf.)  P.  Karst. 

Pileus  sessile  or  semiresupinate,  often  broadly  effused,  the 
reflexed  portion  irregular,  imbricate,  conchate,  often  plicate, 
1-2  cm.  long,  2-8  cm.  broad,  less  than  5  mm.  thick;  surface 
light-brown  to  umbrinous  or  black,  encrusted,  conspicuously 
multizonate,  finely  tomentose  to  glabrous,  uneven;  margin  acute, 
rather  thick,  sterile,  pale-brown,  finely  tomentose;  context  very 
thin,  membranous,  light-brown  next  to  the  tubes,  fulvous  above 
with  a  black  line  between;  tubes  very  variable  in  size  and  shape, 
avellaneous  within,  2-4  mm.  long,  mouths  circular  to  sinuous, 
1-3  to  a  mm.,  edges  rather  thick,  firm,  entire,  often  splitting 
into  flat  teeth  in  old  plants;  spores  elongate-ellipsoid,  9-11 
X  4-5  /*. 

Frequent  throughout  on  dead  deciduous  wood. 

26.  INONOTUS   P.  Karst. 

Hymenophore  annual,  epixylous,  sessile,  dimidiate,  simple  or 
somewhat  imbricate,  variable  in  size;  surface  usually  anoderm, 
brown,  hairy  or  glabrous;  context  brown,  thin  and  fibrous  to 
spongy  or  corky;  hymenium  concolorous,  usually  covered  with 
whitish  powder  in  youth,  tubes  small,  thin-walled;  spores 
smooth,  light-  to  dark-brown. 
Sporophore  large,  10-30  cm.  or  more  broad. 

Surface  conspicuously  hirsute.  *•  !•  hirsutus. 

Surface  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Spores  pale-brown.  2.  /.  dryadeus. 

Spores  deep-brown.  3-  I-  dryophilus. 

Sporophore  of  medium  size,  about  5—10  cm.  broad. 

Spores  deep-brown  in  color;  surface  tomentose.  4-  I-  per  plexus. 

Spores  faintly  tinged  with  brown;  surface  glabrous  or  sub- 
glabrous.  5-  /•  radiatus. 


58565 


38  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

1.  INONOTUS  HIRSUTUS  (Scop.)  Murrill 

Pileus  thick,  compact,  fleshy  to  spongy,  dimidiate,  sometimes 
imbricate,  compressed-ungulate,  7-10  X  10-15  X  3-5  cm.;  sur- 
face hirsute,  ferruginous  to  fulvous,  azonate,  smooth;  margin 
obtuse,  velvety;  context  spongy-corky,  somewhat  fragile  when 
dry,  ferruginous  to  fulvous,  blackening  with  age,  1-1.5  cm- 
thick;  tubes  slender,  about  I  cm.  long,  ferruginous  within, 
mouths  angular,  2-3  to  a  mm.,  ferruginous  to  bay,  blackening 
with  age,  edges  thin,  very  fragile,  lacerate;  spores  broadly  ovoid, 
smooth,  thick-walled,  deep-ferruginous,  2-guttulate,  7-8  X  5-6  /x. 

Occasional  throughout  on  living  trunks  of  oak  and  certain 
other  deciduous  trees.  A  very  abundant  and  destructive  enemy 
of  shade  trees  in  Europe. 

2.  INONOTUS  DRYADEUS  (Fries)  Murrill 

Sporophore  of  immense  size,  dimidiate,  rarely  circular,  usually 
imbricate,  applanate  or  depressed  above,  convex  below,  fleshy 
to  spongy-corky,  rather  fragile  when  dry,  15-30  X  25-65  X  3-5 
cm.;  surface  very  uneven,  azonate,  opaque,  hoary-isabelline, 
anoderm  to  very  thinly  encrusted,  subshining  and  bay;  margin 
thick,  pallid,  entire  to  undulate,  weeping;  context  thick,  zonate, 
subglistening,  ferruginous-isabelline  to  fulvous,  2.5-4  cm- 
thick;  tubes  grayish-umbrinous  to  fulvous  within,  5-15  mm.  long, 
slender,  very  fragile,  mouths  whitish  when  young,  becoming 
somewhat  resinous  in  appearance  and  finally  bay-brown,  at  first 
minute,  circular,  becoming  angular,  4  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin, 
fimbriate  to  lacerate,  deeply  splitting  and  separating  with  age; 
spores  subglobose,  smooth,  8-10  X  7-8  p.,  the  outer  wall  hyaline, 
the  inner  membrane  brown;  cystidia  15-35  X  5-9  /*. 

Occasional  throughout  as  a  root  parasite  of  various  species  of 
oak,  the  large  sporophores  appearing  near  the  base  of  the  trunk. 
Attention  is  called  to  recent  studies  of  this  species  and  the  next 
by  W.  H.  Long. 

3.     INONOTUS  DRYOPHILUS  (Berk.)  Murrill 

Pileus  thick,  unequal,  unguliform,  subimbricate,  rigid,  7-8 
X  10-14  X  2-3  cm.;  surface  hoary-flavous  to  ferruginous- 
fulvous,  becoming  scabrous  and  bay  with  age;  margin  thick, 
usually  obtuse,  sterile,  pallid,  entire  or  undulate;  context  fer- 
ruginous to  fulvous,  zonate,  shining,  3-10  mm.  thick;  tubes 
slender,  concolorous  with  the  context,  about  I  cm.  long,  mouths 
regular,  angular,  2-3  to  a  mm.,  glistening,  whitish-isabelline  to 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  39 

dark-fulvous,  edges  thin,  entire  to  toothed;  spores  subglobose, 
smooth,  deep-ferruginous,  6-7  /*;  cystidia  scanty  and  short. 

Occasional  throughout  on  living  or  dead  oak  trunks,  causing 
serious  decay. 

4.  INONOTUS  PERPLEXUS  (Peck)  Murrill 

Pileus  spongy-fleshy,  fibrous,  sessile,  dimidiate  to  flabelliform, 
often  narrowly  attached,  usually  imbricate,  somewhat  laterally 
connate,  4-6  X  5-10  X  0.5-1  cm.;  surface  hairy-tomentose  to 
setose-hispid,  grayish-tawny  to  ferruginous,  azonate,  smooth, 
anoderm,  becoming  somewhat  glabrous  and  subzonate  with  age; 
margin  acute,  sterile,  pallid,  entire;  context  tawny-ferruginous, 
subzonate,  2-3  mm.  thick;  tubes  3-5  mm.  long,  brownish- 
ferruginous  within,  mouths  angular  to  irregular,  3-4  to  a  mm., 
edges  acute,  fimbriate  to  lacerate,  hoary  to  dark-fulvous;  spores 
broadly  ellipsoid,  smooth,  deep-ferruginous,  5-7  X  4-5.5 /x. 

Rather  common  throughout  on  dead  or  decaying  trunks  of 
beech,  maple,  and  other  deciduous  trees.  Near  P.  cuticularis  of 
Europe. 

5.  INONOTUS  RADIATUS  (Sow.)  P.  Karst. 

Pileus  corky  to  woody,  imbricate,  confluent,  sessile,  umbonate 
behind,  especially  when  young,  3-5  X  6-9  X  0.5-1  cm.;  surface 
radiate-rugose  to  very  uneven,  minutely  velvety  to  glabrous, 
fulvous  to  ferruginous-fuscous  or  almost  black  behind;  margin 
thin,  pallid,  undulate  to  lobed;  context  subzonate,  ferruginous 
to  dark-fulvous,  1-3  mm.  thick;  tubes  slender,  grayish-umbrinous 
to  fulvous,  about  5  mm.  long,  mouths  angular,  somewhat  ir- 
regular, 3-5  to  a  mm.,  edges  whitish  at  first,  becoming  dark- 
fulvous  with  age,  glistening,  thin,  fimbriate  to  lacerate;  spores 
ellipsoid,  luteolous,  4-6  X  3-4  M. 

Rather  common  throughout  on  decayed  alder,  birch,  maple, 
and  certain  other  deciduous  trees.  The  usual  form  found  on 
maple  is  quite  different  from  the  typical  form  on  alder  and  birch 
and  has  been  called  P.  glomemtus  by  Peck.  The  same  two  forms 
are  said  to  occur  in  Europe. 

27.     PHAEOLUS   Pat. 

Hymenophore  large,  irregular,  annual,  spongy  to  corky, 
epixylous;  stipe  simple,  variously  attached,  wanting  at  times; 
surface  of  pileus  anoderm,  hispid;  context  ferruginous;  tubes 
irregular,  thin-walled;  spores  ellipsoid,  smooth,  hyaline;  cystidia 


40  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

i.  PHAEOLUS  SISTOTREMOIDES  (Alb.  &  Schw.)  Murrill 
Pileus  spongy,  circular,  varying  to  dimidiate  or  irregular,  15- 
20  cm.  broad,  0.5-2  cm.  thick;  surface  setose-hispid  to  strigose- 
tomentose  and  scrupose  in  zones,  ochraceous-ferruginous  to 
fulvous-castaneous  or  darker,  quite  uneven,  somewhat  sulcate, 
obscurely  zonate;  margin  yellow,  rather  thick,  sterile;  context 
very  soft  and  spongy,  fragile  when  dry,  sometimes  indurate  with 
age,  flavous-ferruginous  to  fulvous,  0.3-0.7  mm.  thick;  tubes 
short,  2-5  mm.  long,  flavous  within,  mouths  large,  irregular, 
averaging  i  mm.  in  diameter,  edges  thin,  becoming  lacerate, 
ochraceous-olivaceous  to  fuliginous,  rose-tinted  when  young 
and  fresh,  quickly  changing  to  dark-red  when  bruised;  spores 
ellipsoid,  7-8  X  3-4  n ;  stipe  central  to  lateral  or  obsolete,  very 
irregular,  tubercular  or  very  short,  resembling  the  pileus  in  surface 
and  substance. 

Very  common  throughout  on  trunks,  stumps,  and  roots  of 
various  coniferous  trees,  causing  a  very  serious  reddish-brown 
rot  of  the  roots  and  lower  part  of  the  trunk. 

28.     COLTRICIELLA   Murrill 

Hymenophore  small,  annual,  tough,  epixylous;  stipe  attached 
to  the  vertex  of  the  pileus;  surface  of  the  pileus  anoderm,  zonate; 
context  spongy,  fibrous,  ferruginous;  tubes  angular,  one-layered, 
dissepiments  thin;  spores  ellipsoid,  smooth,  ferruginous. 

i.     COLTRICIELLA  DEPENDENS  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Murrill 

Hymenophore  gregarious  or  cespitose;  pileus  very  small, 
conic,  pendant,  vertically  attached,  1-2  cm.  broad,  about  i  cm. 
thick;  surface  cinnamon-colored,  soft,  elongate-striate,  sericeous, 
subzonate;  margin  acute,  fibrillose;  context  spongy,  very  thin, 
ferruginous-fulvous,  1-2  mm.  thick;  tubes  long,  5-8  mm.,  fulvous, 
mouths  large,  angular,  1-2  to  a  mm.,  smaller  near  the  margin, 
edges  thin,  toothed,  yellowish  to  fulvous;  spores  ellipsoid, 
smooth,  ferruginous,  7-8  X  3.5-4;*;  stipe  central,  attached  at 
the  vertex,  cylindric,  gradually  enlarging  as  it  approaches  the 
pileus,  about  i  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  thick,  resembling  the  pileus 
in  surface  and  substance. 

Occasional  on  decorticated  pine  wood  in  New  Jersey. 

29.     COLTRICIA  (Micheli)  S.  F.  Gray 

Hymenophore  annual,  terrestrial  or  humus-loving,  simple, 
small  to  medium,  usually  circular  and  central-stemmed;  surface 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  41 

anoderm,  brown,  zonate  or  azonate;  context  yellowish  or  brown, 
coriaceous  to  spongy;  hymenium  concolorous,  covered  with 
yellowish  or  whitish  powder  when  young;  tubes  thin-walled,  at 
length  nmbriate;  spores  smooth,  rounded,  yellowish-brown; 
cystidia  rarely  present. 

Pileus  concentrically  zonate;  context  very  thin. 

Pileus  shining-cinnamon,  strigose,  striate,  thin,  flexible, 
slightly  depressed,  the  margin  often  fimbriate  or  pseudo- 
ciliate.  i.  C.  cinnamomea. 

Pileus  dull-rusty-cinnamon  to  hoary,  velvety  to  glabrous, 
deeply  depressed,  the  margin  thicker  and  less  fim- 
briate. 

Tubes  small,  0.5  mm.  or  less  in  diameter.  2.  C.  perennis. 

Tubes  large,  i  mm.  in  diameter.  3.  C.  focicola. 

Pileus  usually  azonate;  context  rather  thick  and  spongy. 

Context  duplex,  soft  above  and  woody  below;  hymenium 

beset  with  cystidia.  4.  C.  tomentosa. 

Context  homogeneous;  hymenium  free  from  cystidia.  5.  C.  obesa. 

I.     COLTRICIA  CINNAMOMEA  (Jacq.)  Murrill 

Pileus  coriaceous,  thin,  circular,  umbilicate,  sometimes  deeply 
so,  1-4  cm.  in  diameter,  1-2  mm.  thick;  surface  bright-cinnamon, 
cinereous,  shining,  strigose-striate,  zonate;  margin  undulate  to 
slightly  lobed,  nmbriate,  concolorous;  context  membranous, 
concolorous,  less  than  a  mm.  thick;  tubes  pale-umbrinous 
within,  1-2  mm.  long,  slightly  decurrent,  mouths  rather  large, 
angular,  ferruginous  to  fulvous,  2-3  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  fimbri- 
ate-dentate,  collapsing  with  age;  spores  ellipsoid,  pale-yellowish- 
brown,  smooth,  6-8X4-6/1;  stipe  central,  velvety,  reddish- 
fuscous,  nearly  equal,  2-4  cm.  long,  3-5  mm.  thick. 

Common  throughout  on  mossy  soil  or  wood  almost  reduced  to 
humus. 

2.     COLTRICIA  PERENNIS  (L.)  Murrill 

Pileus  coriaceous,  circular,  infundibuliform,  3-6  cm.  broad, 
1.5-3  mm.  thick;  surface  zonate,  short-tomentose,  substriate, 
ferruginous  to  cinereous,  the  zones  sometimes  glabrous  and 
chestnut-colored;  margin  very  thin,  entire  to  lacerate,  inflexed 
when  dry;  context  very  thin,  concolorous,  scarcely  a  mm.  thick; 
tubes  short,  grayish-umbrinous  within,  1-3  mm.  long,  mouths 
small,  angular,  2-4  to  a  mm.,  whitish  when  young,  becoming 
fulvous,  edges  thin,  dentate  to  lacerate,  soon  collapsing;  spores 
ovoid,  smooth,  pale-yellowish-brown,  4-6  X  2-3.5  n;  stipe  bul- 
bous and  often  united  with  that  of  neighboring  plants  at  the 
base,  tapering  upward,  velvety,  ferruginous  to  fulvous,  solid, 
corky,  3-5  cm.  long,  2-5  mm.  thick. 


42  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

Common  throughout,  especially  northward,  usually  on  exposed 
or  burnt  soil  in  woods. 

3.     COLTRICIA  FOCICOLA  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Murrill 

Pileus  membranous,  circular,  umbilicate,  3-6  cm.  in  diam- 
eter, 0.5-1  cm.  thick;  surface  velvety,  cinnamon  to  cinereous, 
multizonate;  margin  thin,  entire  or  undulate;  context  very  thin, 
ferruginous  to  fulvous,  scarcely  I  mm.  in  thickness;  tubes  long, 
ample,  ferruginous  to  fulvous  within,  5-8  mm.  long,  mouths 
1-2  mm.  in  diameter,  angular,  fulvous,  edges  thin,  toothed, 
becoming  lacerate  and  collapsed  with  age,  causing  the  pores  to 
appear  much  smaller  than  they  really  are;  spores  oblong-el- 
lipsoid, smooth,  pale-yellowish-brown,  abundant,  i-guttulate, 
6  X  3.5  /*;  stipe  central,  cylindric,  slightly  enlarged  at  the  base, 
velvety,  ferruginous  to  fulvous,  solid,  corky,  2-3  cm.  long,  3-5 
mm.  thick. 

Frequent  on  burnt  soil  in  woods  from  Connecticut  southward. 

4.     COLTRICIA  TOMENTOSA  (Fries)  Murrill 

Pileus  circular,  varying  to  dimidiate,  sometimes  cespitose, 
6-12  cm.  in  diameter,  3-5  mm.  thick;  surface  ferruginous-fulvous, 
azonate,  rarely  subzonate,  tomentose,  plane  or  depressed  at  the 
center;  margin  lighter  in  color,  sterile,  acute,  entire  to  lobed; 
context  duplex,  soft-corky,  concolorous  and  spongy  above, 
corky-woody,  fibrous  and  flavous-ferruginous  below,  2-4  mm. 
thick;  tubes  sometimes  decurrent,  about  I  mm.  long,  avellaneous 
within,  mouths  small,  equal,  angular,  3-5  to  a  mm.,  covered  at 
first  with  a  whitish  substance,  edges  white,  entire,  becoming 
grayish-umbrinous,  very  thin  and  toothed  with  age;  spores 
ellipsoid,  smooth,  pale-yellowish-brown,  5-7  X  2-4/1;  cystidia 
abundant,  more  or  less  curved,  ovate-lanceolate  at  first,  becoming 
more  slender,  fulvous-brown,  50-75  X  6-15/1;  stipe  central  to 
lateral  or  wanting,  unequal,  obese,  fulvous,  tomentose,  re- 
sembling the  context  within,  0-5  cm.  long,  5-15  mm.  thick. 

Common  throughout  under  coniferous  trees,  usually  attached 
to  coniferous  wood. 

5.     COLTRICIA  OBESA  (Ellis  &  Ev.)  Murrill 

Hymenophore  simple  or  cespitose,  sometimes  connate;  pileus 
circular,  convex  to  depressed,  4-6  cm.  broad,  5-10  mm.  thick; 
surface  fulvous,  tomentose,  azonate,  smooth  or  pelliculose; 
margin  yellowish-cinnamon,  obtuse,  becoming  acute,  entire  or 
undulate;  context  homogeneous,  soft,  friable,  fulvous,  4-8  mm. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  43 

thick;  tubes  short,  about  I  mm.  in  length,  pale-avellaneous 
within,  mouths  irregular,  circular  to  radially-elongate  and 
slightly  sinuous,  0.5-1  mm.  broad,  edges  becoming  acute  and 
slightly  toothed,  white  to  fulvous;  spores  ellipsoid,  smooth, 
ferruginous,  7-8X4-5^;  stipe  central,  spongy,  tomentose, 
fulvous,  4-6  cm.  long,  5-15  mm.  thick  above,  enlarged  below, 
1-3  cm.  in  thickness. 

Occasional  on  buried  pine  branches  from  Canada  to  North 
Carolina  and  west  to  Ohio.  There  is  little  to  distinguish  this 
species  from  P.  Montagnei  Fries. 

30.     CRYPTOPORUS    (Peck)  Hubbard 

Hymenophore  subglobose,  sessile,  epixylous;  surface  smooth, 
encrusted;  context  white,  corky;  tubes  white,  concealed  at  first 
by  a  volva,  which  is  perforated  at  one  or  more  points  at  maturity; 
mouths  constricted,  discolored;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

i.     CRYPTOPORUS  VOLVATUS  (Peck)  Hubbard 

Pileus  simple,  sessile,  rarely  spuriously  stipitate,  globose  to 
ungulate,  2-6  cm.  broad,  1.5-3  cm.  thick;  surface  white,  some- 
times slightly  reddish-brown,  smooth,  slightly  viscid  or  resinous 
when  young,  glabrous,  marked  with  anastomosing  depressed 
lines  in  larger  specimens;  margin  very  rounded,  concolorous, 
smooth,  produced  into  a  volva  covering  the  tubes,  at  length 
ruptured  at  1-3  points  forming  small  rounded  or  irregular  aper- 
tures; context  soft-corky,  homogeneous,  white,  2-5  mm.  thick; 
tubes  1-1.5  mm.  long,  isabelline  to  umbrinous,  mouths  angular, 
yellow  with  a  tinge  of  cinnamon,  3  to  a  mm.,  edges  thick,  be- 
coming thin,  entire;  spores  oblong,  hyaline  or  pale-flesh-colored, 
11-13  X  4~5  M- 

Occasional  throughout  on  dead  coniferous  wood.  The  species 
is  largely  dependent  on  insects  for  its  distribution.  The  sporo- 
phores  often  emerge  through  insect  tunnels,  the  volva  is  punc- 
tured by  insects,  and  the  spores  are  carried  to  other  trunks  by 
insects.  See  supplementary  notes. 

31.     FOMES  Gill. 

Hymenophore  sessile,  ungulate  or  applanate,  epixylous; 
surface  anoderm  or  encrusted,  sulcate,  rarely  zonate;  context 
white,  wood-colored,  or  flesh-colored,  corky  or  woody,  rarely 
punky;  tubes  cylindric,  usually  thick- walled,  stratose;  spores 
smooth,  hyaline  or  subhyaline. 


44 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES 


Context  flesh-colored;  light-brown  in  faded  specimens. 

Tubes  i—2  mm.  long  each  season;  spores  ellipsoid.  i.  F.  roseus. 

Tubes  3-5  mm.  long  each  season;  spores  globose.  2.  F.  fraxineus. 

Context  white  or  nearly  so. 
Pileus  less  than  3  cm.  broad. 

Pileus  ungulate,  becoming  black  only  at  the  base, 
zonate  and  concentrically  sulcate  in  age;  tubes 
over  2  mm.  long.  3.  F.  ohiensis. 

Pileus  scutellate,  uniformly  black  even  when  young; 
tubes  less  than  2  mm.  long,  context  thinner  than 
the  tube-layer.  4.  F.  scutellatus. 

Pileus  more  than  3  cm.  broad. 

Pileus  encrusted,  surface  darker  than  the  context. 
Pileus  thin,  distinctly  zonate,  irregular  or  appla- 

nate;  crust  brown  to  black.  5.  F.annosus. 

Pileus  thick,  sulcate,  ungulate,  rarely  applanate. 
Surface  soon  becoming  rimose,  deeply  sulcate; 
older  pores  visible  in  the  upper  projecting 
annual    layers;    pileus    exactly    ungulate; 
found  only  on  Shepherdia.  6.  F,  Rllisianus. 

Surface  not  as  above. 

Mouths  of  tubes  4-5  to  a  mm.;  surface 
often  resinous,  bay  or  black  in  color; 
abundant  on  conifers.  7.  F.  ungulatus. 

Mouths  of  tubes  2-3  to  a  mm.;  surface 
gray  to  black,  never  resinous  nor  red- 
dish; found  only  on  ash  and  a  few  other 

deciduous  trees.  8.  F.  fraxinophilus. 

Pileus  rarely  encrusted,  surface  concolorous  with  the 

context. 

Pileus  chalk-white  or  slightly  yellowish  through- 
out, cylindric;  context  friable,  bitter;  growing 
on  conifers.  9.  F.  Laricis. 

Pileus  not  as  above;  growing  on  deciduous  trees.       10.  F.  populinus. 

i.     FOMES  ROSEUS  (Alb.  &  Schw.)  Cooke 

Pileus  woody,  dimidiate,  varying  from  conchate  to  ungulate, 
often  imbricate  and  longitudinally  effused,  2-4  X  6-8  X  0.5-3 
cm.;  surface  rugose,  subfasciate,  slightly  sulcate,  rosy  or  flesh- 
colored,  becoming  gray  or  black  with  age;  margin  acute,  becoming 
obtuse,  sterile,  pallid,  often  undulate;  context  floccose-fibrose  to 
corky,  rose-colored,  0.2-2  cm.  thick;  tubes  indistinctly  stratose, 
1-2  mm.  long  each  season,  mouths  circular,  3-4  to  a  mm.,  edges 
obtuse,  concolorous;  spores  ellipsoid,  smooth,  thick- walled, 
subhyaline,  3.5  X  6  /j,. 

Common  throughout  on  living  or  dead  trunks  of  conifers,  and 
occasionally  on  deciduous  trees,  causing  a  serious  rot.  The 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  45 

variation  in  the  form  of  the  sporophore  from  conchate  to  ungu- 
late is  sometimes  very  puzzling. 

2.  FOMES   FRAXINEUS    (Bull.)    Cooke 

Pileus  corky  to  woody,  dimidiate,  applanate,  usually  imbri- 
cate, often  laterally  confluent,  thinner  in  American  forms,  4-10 
X  6-15  X  1-6  cm.;  surface  velvety  to  glabrous,  zonate  at  times, 
concentrically  sulcate  with  age,  at  first  white  owing  to  a  covering 
of  fine  waxy  hairs,  becoming  bay  and  finally  nearly  black  with 
age;  margin  thin  or  tumid,  sterile,  cream-colored,  pulverulent 
with  reddish  blotches,  becoming  dark  and  hygrophanous  when 
bruised;  context  punky,  becoming  corky,  isabelline,  tinged  with 
carneous  when  fresh,  0.5-5  cm-  thick;  tubes  indistinctly  strati- 
fied, 0.5-1  cm.  long  each  season,  isabelline  when  old,  reddish- 
flesh-colored  in  the  younger  layers,  mouths  subcircular,  4  to  a 
mm.,  edges  obtuse,  entire,  light-flesh-colored,  covered  at  first 
with  a  white  waxy  coat,  quickly  changing  to  a  darker  color  when 
bruised;  spores  subglobose,  smooth,  subhyaline,  6-7  X  5-6  jt. 

Frequent  on  trunks  and  stumps  of  certain  deciduous  trees  in 
New  York,  Illinois,  Ohio,  and  Michigan. 

3.  FOMES  OHIENSIS  (Berk.)  Murrill 

Pileus  woody,  ungulate,  narrow  and  sometimes  decurrent 
behind,  often  laterally  connate,  0.5-1.5  X  1-2  X  0.3-1  cm.; 
surface  minutely  velvety  to  glabrous,  zonate,  light-brown, 
becoming  black  at  the  base,  and  concentrically  sulcate  with  age; 
margin  obtuse,  pallid,  often  undulate;  context  corky,  pallid, 
indistinctly  zonate,  2-5  mm.  thick;  tubes  distinctly  stratified, 
3-6  mm.  long  each  season,  nearly  white  within,  mouths  circular, 
3  to  a  mm.,  edges  obtuse,  chalky-white,  becoming  cremeous; 
spores  globose,  smooth,  hyaline,  5  n;  conidia  ovoid,  smooth, 
hyaline,  12-13  X  7-8  fi. 

Frequent  throughout  on  structural  timbers  and  dead  branches 
of  deciduous  trees. 

4.     FOMES  SCUTELLATUS  (Schw.)  Cooke 

Pileus  woody,  dimidiate  or  scutellate,  concave  below,  0.5-0.7 
X  1-1.5  X  0.3-0.5  cm.;  surface  rugose,  tuberculose,  zonate, 
fuscous-black;  margin  acute,  deflexed,  pallid  to  light-brown; 
context  woody,  indistinctly  zonate,  isabelline,  2-3  mm.  thick; 
tubes  indistinctly  stratified,  1-1.5  mm-  l°ng  each  season,  isa- 
belline within,  mouths  subcircular  to  rhomboid,  4  to  a  mm., 
edges  rather  thin,  obtuse,  entire,  chalk-white,  becoming  avel- 
laneous. 


46  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

Frequent  in  the  eastern  United  States  westward  to  Iowa  on 
dead  branches  and  timbers  of  alder,  witch  hazel,  and  other 
deciduous  trees  and  shrubs. 

5.     FOMES  ANNOSUS  (Fries)  Cooke 

Pileus  woody,  dimidiate,  very  irregular,  conchate  to  applanate, 
10-13  X  5-8  X  0.5-2  cm.;  surface  at  first  velvety,  rugose, 
anoderm,  light-brown,  becoming  thinly  encrusted,  zonate,  and 
finally  black  with  age;  margin  pallid,  acute,  becoming  thicker; 
context  soft-corky  to  woody,  white,  0.3-0.5  cm.  thick;  tubes 
unevenly  stratified,  2-8  mm.  long  each  season,  white,  mouths 
subcircular  to  irregular,  3-4  to  a  mm.,  edges  rather  thin,  entire, 
firm,  white,  unchanging;  spores  subglobose  or  ellipsoid,  smooth, 
hyaline,  5-6  X  4-5  jw. 

Common  throughout  on  trunks  and  roots  of  various  coniferous 
trees,  and  rarely  on  deciduous  trees,  causing  serious  decay. 

6.  FOMES  ELLISIANUS  F.  W.  Anderson 

Pileus  dimidiate,  ungulate,  woody,  4-7  X  6-8  X  2-5  cm.; 
surface  radiate-rugose,  sulcate,  light-bay  or  brown,  becoming 
rimose  and  darker  with  age;  margin  obtuse  or  rounded,  pallid, 
fertile;  context  corky,  pale-ochraceous,  0.5-1  cm.  thick,  becoming 
scanty  in  the  older  sporophores;  tubes  indistinctly  stratified, 
concolorous  with  the  context,  fragile,  0.5-1.5  cm.  long  each  season, 
mouths  subcircular,  3  to  a  mm.,  edges  rather  thick,  pruinose  when 
young,  becoming  concolorous;  spores  ovoid  to  slightly  oblong, 
smooth,  5-6  X  4-5  M- 

Occasional  on  living  trunks  and  branches  of  Shepherdia  argentea 
in  South  Dakota,  as  well  as  in  Montana,  Colorado,  and  New 
Mexico.  Very  near  Fames  fraxinophilus. 

7.  FOMES  UNGULATUS  (Schaeff.)  Sacc. 

Pileus  corky  to  woody,  ungulate,  8-15  X  12-40  X  6-10  cm.; 
surface  glabrous,  sulcate,  reddish-brown  to  gray  or  black,  often 
resinous;  margin  at  first  acute  to  tumid,  pallid,  becoming  yellow- 
ish or  reddish-chestnut;  context  woody,  pallid,  0.5-1  cm.  thick; 
tubes  distinctly  stratified,  3-5  mm.  long  each  season,  white  to 
isabelline,  mouths  circular,  3-5  to  a  mm.,  edges  obtuse,  white  to 
cream-colored;  spores  ovoid,  smooth,  6  /-t. 

Extremely  common  throughout  on  living  trunks  of  conifers 
and  less  frequent  on  deciduous  trees  growing  near,  causing  a 
serious  disease. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  47 

8.     FOMES  FRAXINOPHILUS  (Peck)  Sacc. 

Pileus  woody,  subtriangular,  compressed-ungulate,  usually 
decurrent,  5-10  X  6-12  X  2-4  cm.;  surface  white,  pulverulent 
or  finely  tomentose,  concentrically  sulcate,  becoming  gray  or 
black  and  rimose  with  age;  margin  tumid,  white  or  yellowish, 
velvety  to  the  touch ;  context  corky  to  woody,  zonate,  isabelline, 
0.5-1  cm.  thick;  tubes  evenly  but  indistinctly  stratified,  2-4  mm. 
long  each  season,  white  when  young,  concolorous  with  the 
context  in  the  older  layers,  mouths  white,  subcircular,  2  to  a 
mm.,  edges  obtuse;  spores  broadly  ellipsoid,  smooth,  thin- walled, 
7-8  X  6-7  M. 

Common  throughout  on  living  trunks  of  ash,  rarely  on  other 
deciduous  trees,  causing  a  serious  disease. 

9.     FOMES  LARICIS  (Jacq.)  Murrill 

Pileus  firm,  at  length  fragile,  ungulate  to  cylindric,  3-8  X  5-10 
X  4-20  cm.;  surface  anoderm,  powdery,  white  or  slightly  yellow- 
ish, concentrically  sulcate,  becoming  slightly  encrusted,  tubercu- 
lose  and  rimose;  margin  obtuse,  concolorous;  context  soft,  tough, 
at  length  friable,  chalk-white  or  slightly  yellowish,  very  bitter, 
with  the  odor  of  fresh  meal,  1-3  cm.  thick;  tubes  evenly  stratified, 
concolorous,  5-10  mm.  long  each  season,  mouths  circular  to 
angular,  3-4  to  a  mm.,  edges  thin,  fragile,  white,  becoming  dis- 
colored and  lacerate,  wearing  away  with  age;  spores  ovoid, 
4X5M- 

Occasional  on  larch,  pine,  and  spruce  trunks  in  Michigan  and 
westward.  Long  used  in  medicine  in  Europe,  where  it  is  much 
more  common. 

10.     FOMES  POPULINUS  (Schum.)  Cooke 

Pileus  corky  to  woody,  effused-reflexed,  rarely  applanate, 
2-4  X  5-10  X  1-3  cm.;  surface  anoderm,  velvety,  white  or 
yellowish,  usually  overgrown  with  moss  or  otherwise  disfigured 
with  age;  margin  acute,  slightly  deflexed,  concolorous,  blackish 
where  bruised,  becoming  thicker  with  age;  context  punky  to 
corky,  white  to  ochroleucous,  3-8  mm.  thick;  tubes  very  dis- 
tinctly stratified,  1-2  mm.  long  each  season,  concolorous,  with  a 
resinous  luster,  mouths  subcircular  to  angular,  minute,  5-6  to  a 
mm.,  edges  thin,  uneven,  white  to  cremeous,  glistening;  spores 
globose,  thin-walled,  smooth,  3-4  p. 

Rather  common  throughout  on  living  trunks  of  maple  and 
certain  other  deciduous  trees,  causing  decay. 


48  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

32.     PYROPOLYPORUS   Murrill 

Hymenophore  large,  perennial,  epixylous,  sessile,  ungulate  or 
applanate;  surface  sulcate,  usually  anoderm  and  often  rough  or 
rimose;  context  woody  or  punky,  brown;  tubes  brown,  cylindric, 
stratose,  usually  thick-walled ;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

Pileus  thick,  ungulate;  not  found  on  Prunus. 

Context  fulvous,  opaque.  I.  P.  igniarius. 

Context  melleous,  lustrous.  2.  P.  Bakeri. 

Pileus   thick,    terraced,    imbricate   or   semiresupinate;  margin 

making  an  obtuse  angle;  found  on  Prunus.  3.  P.  fulvus. 

Pileus  thin,  conchate,  largely  resupinate.  4.  P.  conchatus. 

i.     PYROPOLYPORUS  IGNIARIUS  (L.)  Murrill 

Pileus  woody,  ungulate,  sessile,  6-7  X  8-10  X  5-12  cm.; 
surface  smooth,  encrusted,  opaque,  velvety  to  glabrous,  fer- 
ruginous to  fuscous,  becoming  black  and  rimose  with  age; 
margin  obtuse,  sterile,  ferruginous  to  hoary,  tomentose;  context 
woody,  distinctly  zonate,  ferruginous  to  fulvous,  2-3  cm.  thick; 
tubes  evenly  stratified,  2-4  mm.  long  each  season,  fulvous, 
whitish-stuffed  in  age,  mouths  circular,  minute,  3-4  to  a  mm., 
edges  obtuse,  ferruginous  to  fulvous,  hoary  when  young;  spores 
globose,  smooth,  hyaline,  6-7  n;  cystidia  10-25  X  5-6  /*. 

Common  throughout  on  living  trunks  of  various  deciduous 
trees,  causing  a  very  serious  heart-rot.  Formerly  a  source  of 
tinder. 

2.     PYROPOLYPORUS  BAKERI  Murrill 

Pileus  compressed-ungulate  to  applanate,  dimidiate,  slightly 
decurrent,  4-10  X  8-20  X  3-5  cm.;  surface  smooth,  anoderm, 
becoming  glabrous,  2-3  times  deeply  sulcate,  isabelline  to  gray 
or  umbrinous;  margin  very  broad  and  rounded,  ferruginous, 
finely  tomentose,  perfectly  smooth;  context  woody,  dark-luteous, 
somewhat  shining,  1.5-2  cm.  thick;  tubes  distinctly  stratified, 
5-7  mm.  long  each  season,  avellaneous  to  fulvous  within,  mouths 
circular,  4  to  a  mm.,  edges  obtuse,  entire,  light-yellowish  to 
fuliginous;  spores  globose,  smooth,  hyaline,  5  /*. 

Occasional  on  oak  and  black  birch  trunks  in  Wisconsin,  Mis- 
souri, and  westward. 

3.     PYROPOLYPORUS  FULVUS  (Scop.)  Murrill 

Pileus  woody,  triquetrous,  rarely  ungulate,  thick  and  broadly 
attached  behind,  1-3  X  5-7  X  3-8  cm.;  surface  smooth,  very 
slightly  sulcate,  velvety,  ferruginous,  becoming  horny  and 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  49 

glabrous  and  finally  nearly  black  with  age;  margin  subobtuse, 
ferruginous,  velvety;  context  woody,  fulvous,  1-2  cm.  thick; 
tubes  evenly  stratified,  2-3  mm.  long  each  season,  fulvous, 
mouths  circular,  3  to  a  mm.,  edges  obtuse,  entire,  ferruginous  to 
fulvous;  spores  globose,  compressed  on  one  side,  hyaline,  5.5-6 
X  4.5-5  Ml  cystidia  fulvous,  ventricose,  15-20  X  7-9  M- 

Frequent  throughout  on  diseased  trunks  and  stumps  of  various 
species  of  Prunus,  causing  decay. 

4.     PYROPOLYPORUS  CONCHATUS  (Pers.)  Murrill 

Pileus  conchate,  broadly  effused  and  often  entirely  resupinate, 
1-5  X  7-10  X  0.5-1.5  cm.;  surface  rough,  tomentose,  irregularly 
sulcate,  anoderm,  brown  to  black,  becoming  thinly  encrusted  and 
slightly  rimose  with  age;  margin  acute,  undulate,  ferruginous  to 
fulvous,  tomentose;  context  woody,  thin,  fulvous,  1-3  mm. 
thick;  tubes  indistinctly  stratified,  1-2  mm.  long  each  season, 
fulvous,  mouths  circular,  5-6  to  a  mm.,  edges  obtuse,  ferruginous 
to  fulvous;  spores  globose,  smooth,  hyaline,  4-5  /z;  cystidia  dark- 
brown,  ventricose,  15-30  X  7~9  M- 

Frequent  throughout  on  decaying  deciduous  trunks. 

33.     FULVIFOMES   Murrill,  gen.  nov. 

Hymenophore  large,  perennial,  epixylous,  sessile,  ungulate  or 
applanate;  surface  sulcate,  usually  anoderm  and  often  rough  or 
rimose;  context  woody  or  punky,  brown,  rarely  dark-red;  tubes 
brown,  cylindric,  stratose,  usually  thick- walled ;  spores  smooth, 
ferruginous  or  fulvous. 

Type  species,  Pyropolyporus  Robiniae  Murrill. 

Context  fulvous. 

Pileus  thick,  ungulate. 

Tubes  short,  1—5  mm.  long  each  season;  found  only  on 

Robinia.  I.  F.  Robiniae. 

Tubes  long,  over  5  mm.  each  season;  found  usually  on 

Quercus.  2.  F.  Everhartii. 

Pileus  thin,  conchate  to  applanate;  found  usually  on  Ribes.     3.  F.  Ribis. 
Context  reddish-brown;  found  only  on  Juniperus.  4.  F.  juniperinus. 

i.     FULVIFOMES  ROBINIAE  Murrill,  comb.  nov. 

Pileus  dimidiate,  ungulate  to  applanate,  5-25  X  5-50  X  2-12 
cm.;  surface  velvety,  smooth,  soon  becoming  very  rimose  and 
roughened,  fulvous  to  purplish-black,  at  length  dull-black, 
deeply  and  broadly  concentrically  sulcate;  margin  rounded, 
velvety,  fulvous;  context  hard,  woody,  concentrically  banded, 


50  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

1-3  cm.  thick,  fulvous;  tubes  stratose,  0.15-0.5  cm.  long,  5  to  a 
mm.,  fulvous,  mouths  subcircular,  edges  entire,  equaling  the 
tubes  in  thickness;  spores  subglobose,  smooth,  thin- walled, 
ferruginous,  4-5  p. 

Common  throughout  the  range  of  its  host,  Robinia  Pseudacacia, 
causing  a  very  serious  rot  of  this  tree.  The  sporophores  were 
formerly  used  by  colored  people  for  keeping  fire  over  night. 

2.     FULVIFOMES  EvERHARTii  (Ellis  &  Gall.)  Murrill,  comb.  nov. 

Pileus  dimidiate,  ungulate,  broadly  attached  behind,  6-10 
X  6-15  X  3-8  cm.;  surface  glabrous,  slightly  encrusted,  deeply 
sulcate,  not  polished,  gray  to  brownish-black,  slightly  rimose  in 
age;  margin  obtuse,  covered  with  ferruginous  tomentum,  becom- 
ing gray  and  glabrous;  context  corky  to  woody,  repeatedly  zoned, 
fulvous  in  dried  specimens,  2-3  cm.  thick;  tubes  evenly  strati- 
fied, 0.5-1  cm.  long  each  season,  fulvous,  mouths  circular,  4  to  a 
mm.,  edges  rather  thin,  entire,  ferruginous  to  fulvous,  glistening, 
the  hymenium  becoming  much  cracked  in  age;  spores  globose, 
smooth,  ferruginous,  3-4.5  /*;  cystidia  abundant,  pointed,  larger 
at  the  base,  15-25  X  6-10  JJL. 

Frequent  throughout  on  living  oak  trunks  and  occasionally 
on  beech,  causing  decay. 

3.     FULVIFOMES  RIBIS  (Schum.)  Murrill,  comb.  nov. 

Pileus  tough,  corky,  becoming  rigid,  conchate,  laterally  con- 
nate, 3-5  X  5-10  X  0.7-1.5  cm.;  surface  rough,  velvety,  ano- 
derm,  indistinctly  zoned,  ferruginous  to  umbrinous,  becoming 
glabrous  and  slightly  encrusted  with  age;  margin  undulate  to 
lobed,  ferruginous,  furrowed;  context  punky,  fulvous,  3-5  mm. 
thick;  tubes  indistinctly  stratified,  1-2  mm.  long  each  season, 
fulvous,  mouths  circular,  5-6  to  a  mm.,  edges  rather  thin,  entire, 
ferruginous  to  fulvous,  hoary  when  young;  spores  globose  or 
subglobose,  pale-yellowish-brown,  smooth,  3-4  X  3  /x. 

Occasional  throughout  on  living  stems  of  species  of  Ribes, 
and  very  rarely  on  other  shrubs  growing  near  the  usual  hosts. 

4.     FULVIFOMES  JUNIPERINUS  (Schrenk)  Murrill,  comb.  nov. 

Pileus  ungulate,  3-5  X  5-8  X  5-7  cm.;  surface  tomentose, 
deeply  sulcate,  reddish-brown  to  dark-brown;  margin  obtuse, 
velvety,  melleous  or  ferruginous  to  hoary;  context  woody, 
reddish-brown,  0.5-2  cm.  thick;  tubes  indistinctly  stratified, 
0.5-1  cm.  long  each  season,  melleous  within,  reddish-brown  in 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  51 

the  older  layers,  mouths  circular,  2-3  to  a  mm.,  edges  obtuse, 
entire,  even,  melleous;  spores  fulvous,  smooth,  globose  or  sub- 
globose;  cystidia  few,  subhyaline,  100  X  20  /*• 

Known  only  from  a  few  sporophores  collected  on  living  trunks 
of  Juniperinus  virginiana  in  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  and  Mary- 
land. The  rot  is  better  known  than  the  fruit-body. 

34.     PORODAEDALEA   Murrill 

Hymenophore  large,  perennial,  epixylous,  sessile,  conchate  to 
ungulate;  surface  anoderm,  sulcate,  usually  rough;  context  brown 
and  woody;  tubes  concolorous,  rarely  in  distinct  layers,  the 
hymenium  varying  from  porose  to  daedaleoid;  spores  smooth, 
hyaline  at  maturity,  becoming  brownish  with  age;  cystidia 
conspicuous. 

i.     PORODAEDALEA  PINI  (Thore)  Murrill 

Pileus  hard,  typically  ungulate,  conchate  or  effused-reflexed 
in  varieties,  often  imbricate,  5-8  X  7-12  X  5-8  cm.,  smaller  in 
varieties;  surface  very  rough,  deeply  sulcate,  tomentose,  tawny- 
brown,  becoming  rimose  and  almost  black  with  age;  margin 
rounded  or  acute,  tomentose,  ferruginous  to  tawny-cinnamon, 
entire,  sterile  in  large  specimens;  context  soft-corky  to  indurate, 
ferruginous,  5-10  mm.  thick,  thinner  in  small  specimens;  tubes 
stratified,  white  to  avellaneous  within,  becoming  ferruginous  at 
maturity  and  in  the  older  layers,  5  mm.  long  each  season,  much 
shorter  in  thin  specimens,  mouths  irregular,  circular  or  daedale- 
oid, often  radially  elongate,  averaging  i  to  a  mm.,  edges  fer- 
ruginous to  grayish-umbrinous,  glistening  when  young,  rather 
thin,  entire;  spores  subglobose,  smooth,  hyaline  at  maturity, 
becoming  brownish  with  age,  5-6  X  3-4  n ;  cystidia  abundant, 
short,  25-35  X  4-6  A». 

Very  common  throughout  on  living  trunks  of  conifers,  causing 
a  very  serious  heart-rot.  The  variation  in  the  shape  of  the 
sporophores  is  exceedingly  confusing. 

35.     GLOBIFOMES  Murrill 

Hymenophore  large,  encrusted,  perennial,  epixylous,  com- 
pound; context  ferruginous,  punky;  tubes  cylindric,  thick-walled, 
stratose;  spores  ovoid,  smooth,  ferruginous. 

i.     GLOBIFOMES  GRAVEOLENS  (Schw.)  Murrill 

Hymenophore  polycephalous,  globose,  having  the  appearance 
of  being  thatched,  8-15  cm.  in  diameter,  the  center  homogeneous, 


52  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

ferruginous,  floccose  and  rigid;  pilei  very  numerous,  cespitose- 
branched,  closely  imbricate,  occupying  the  periphery  of  the 
mass;  pileus  corky,  rigid,  conchate,  usually  plicate,  1-3  X  0.5- 
0.8  cm.;  surface  radiately  sulcate,  slightly  zonate,  purplish- 
fuscous,  pulverulent  to  glabrous,  slightly  resinous  in  appearance, 
encrusted,  grayish-black  with  age;  margin  fulvous,  pulverulent, 
undulate  or  lobed,  subacute,  deflexed,  sterile  on  the  perpendicular 
portion,  which  is  from  2  to  3  mm.  long;  context  floccose,  fer- 
ruginous, 2-5  mm.  thick;  tubes  2  mm.  long,  grayish-umbrinous, 
mouths  circular,  whitish-pulverulent  to  castaneous,  fuliginous 
with  age,  edges  thick,  entire;  spores  globose  or  ovoid,  smooth,  fer- 
ruginous, 4/z;  cystidia  ovoid,  hyaline,  rather  abundant,  7  X  4  n. 
Occasional  on  dead  trunks  of  oak,  maple,  and  beech  from 
Pennsylvania  to  Iowa  and  southward.  Sometimes  known  as 
"  sweet-knot,"  but  the  odor  has  also  been  described  as  disagree- 
able or  entirely  wanting.  Polyporus  botryoides  LeV.  is  probably 
not  distinct. 

36.     ELFVINGIELLA   Murrill,  gen.  nov. 

Hymenophore  large,  epixylous,  sessile,  applanate  or  ungulate; 
surface  sulcate,  horny-encrusted;  context  brown,  punky;  tubes 
brown,  cylindric,  stratose,  thick- walled ;  spores  smooth,  hyaline 
or  subhyaline. 

Type  species,  Elfvingia  fomentaria  (L.)  Murrill. 

i.     ELFVINGIELLA  FOMENTARIA  (L.)  Murrill,  comb.  nov. 

Pileus  hard,  ungulate,  concave  below,  7-9  X  8-10  X  3-10  cm.; 
surface  finely  tomentose  to  glabrous,  isabelline  to  avellaneous  and 
finally  black  and  shining  with  age,  zonate,  sulcate,  horny- 
encrusted;  margin  obtuse,  velvety,  isabelline  to  fulvous;  context 
punky,  ferruginous  to  fulvous,  conidia-bearing,  3-5  mm.  thick; 
tubes  indistinctly  stratified,  not  separated  by  layers  of  context, 
3-5  mm.  long  each  season,  avellaneous  to  umbrinous  within, 
mouths  circular,  whitish -stuffed  when  young,  3-4  to  a  mm., 
edges  obtuse,  entire,  grayish-white  to  avellaneous,  turning  dark 
when  bruised;  spores  globose,  smooth,  hyaline  or  nearly  so, 
3-4  M- 

Common  throughout  on  trunks  of  birch  and  beech,  and 
occasionally  on  maple  and  a  few  other  deciduous  trees,  causing 
serious  decay.  The  punky  substance  of  the  sporophore  was 
formerly  used  in  tinder-boxes,  and  is  still  used  as  an  absorbent 
in  surgery  and  for  the  manufacture  of  various  ornamental  and 
useful  articles. 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  53 

37.     ELFVINGIA  P.  Karst. 

Hymenophore  large,  epixylous,  sessile,  applanate  or  ungulate; 
surface  sulcate,  horny-encrusted;  context  brown,  punky;  tubes 
brown,  cylindric,  stratose,  thick-walled,  mouths  whitish  or 
yellowish  when  young;  spores  brown;  conidia  present  in  most 
species  on  or  near  the  surface  of  the  pileus. 

Hymenophore  annual,  persisting  above  later  growths;  pileus 

reniform,  margin  thin;  spores  roughly  echinulate.  I.  E.  lobata. 

Hymenophore  truly  perennial;  tubes  stratified;  spores  smooth 

or  nearly  so.  2.  E.  megaloma* 

i.     ELFVINGIA  LOBATA  (Schw.)  Murrill 

Pileus  applanate,  reniform  to  dimidiate,  5-8  X  10-15  X  1-2.5 
cm.;  surface  concentrically  sulcate,  subzonate,  glabrous,  fer- 
ruginous to  fulvous,  becoming  grayish-brown  with  age;  margin 
thin,  rarely  rounded,  creamy-white,  smooth,  entire;  context 
punky  with  some  horny  fibers,  chestnut-colored,  slightly  zonate, 
5-8  mm.  thick;  tubes  annual,  5-8  mm.  long  each  season,  avellane- 
ous  within,  mouths  circular,  4-5  to  a  mm.,  edges  obtuse,  entire, 
cremeous  to  umbrinous,  becoming  brownish  when  bruised ;  spores 
ovoid,  dark-brown,  asperulate,  8-10  X  6-7  ju. 

Frequent  from  New  York  to  Iowa  and  southward  on  certain 
deciduous  trees,  especially  oak,  causing  decay  of  the  trunk. 
The  sporophores  are  peculiar  in  being  annual. 

2.    ELFVINGIA  MEGALOMA  (Lev.)  Murrill 

Pileus  hard,  dimidiate,  applanate,  6-15  X  8-30  X  1-4  cm.; 
surface  milk-white  to  gray  or  umbrinous,  glabrous,  concentrically 
sulcate,  encrusted,  fasciate  with  obscure  lines,  conidia-bearing, 
usually  brownish  during  the  growing  season  from  the  covering 
of  conidia;  margin  obtuse,  broadly  sterile,  white  or  slightly 
cremeous,  entire  to  undulate;  context  corky,  usually  rather 
hard,  zonate,  fulvous  to  bay,  5-10  mm.  thick,  thinner  with  age; 
tubes  very  evenly  stratified,  separated  by  thin  layers  of  context, 
5-10  mm.  long  each  season,  avellaneous  to  umbrinous  within, 
mouths  circular,  5  to  a  mm.,  whitish-stuffed  when  young,  edges 
obtuse,  entire,  white  or  slightly  yellowish  to  umbrinous,  quickly 
changing  color  when  bruised;  spores  ovoid,  smooth  or  very 
slightly  roughened,  pale-yellowish-brown,  truncate  at  the  base, 
7-8  X  5-6  M. 

Extremely  common  throughout  on  dead  or  diseased  trunks 
of  most  deciduous  trees,  and  also  on  conifers  in  certain  sections, 
causing  decay  of  the  sapwood  and  exposed  heartwood.  It  is 


54  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

known  to  cause  root-rot  in  aspen  and  is  doubtless  destructive 
to  the  roots  of  other  trees.  The  immense  sporophores  are  often 
used  by  amateur  artists  for  etching.  The  presence  of  conidia 
has  recently  been  questioned. 

38.     GANODERMA   P.  Karst. 

Hymenophore  large,  sessile  or  stipitate,  perennial  or  annual, 
epixylous;  surface  sulcate,  covered  with  reddish-brown  varnish; 
context  punky,  brown  or  pallid;  tubes  cylindric,  concolorous; 
spores  ovoid,  brown. 

Sporophore  annual. 

Species  confined  to  Tsuga.  i.  G.  Tsugae. 

Species  not  found  on  Tsuga;  usually  on  deciduous  wood.  2.  G.  sessile. 

Sporophore  perennial,  very  truncate  on  the  margin  when  mature.  3.  G.  Curtisii. 

1.  '  GANODERMA  TSUGAE  Murrill 

Pileus  corky  to  woody,  fan-shaped,  convex  above,  concave 
below,  4-20  X  5-25  X  1-4  cm.;  surface  glabrous,  uneven,  con- 
centrically sulcate,  laccate,  lustrous,  yellowish-red  to  mahogany- 
colored,  at  length  black;  margin  light-yellow,  acute,  becoming 
concolorous,  truncate,  and  marked  with  many  shallow  furrows, 
often  undulate  and  at  times  more  or  less  lobed;  context  soft- 
corky,  radiate-fibrous,  white  or  nearly  so,  1-3  cm.  thick;  tubes 
annual,  0.5-0.75  cm.  long,  4-6  to  a  mm.,  brown  within,  mouths 
circular  or  polygonal,  white  to  light-cinnamon,  edges  obtuse, 
becoming  acute;  spores  ovoid,  obtuse  at  the  base,  attenuate  and 
truncate  at  the  apex,  yellowish-brown,  9-11  X  6-8 /z;  stipe 
lateral,  ascending,  frequently  forked,  cylindric,  equal,  2-20  X 
1-4  cm.,  resembling  the  pileus  in  color,  surface,  and  context. 

Common  throughout  on  decaying  trunks,  stumps,  and  roots 
of  Tsuga  canadensis. 

2.  GANODERMA  SESSILE  Murrill 

Pileus  corky  to  woody,  dimidiate,  sessile  or  stipitate,  imbricate 
or  connate  at  times,  conchate  to  fan-shaped,  thickest  behind, 
thin  at  the  margin,  5-15  X  7-25  X  1-3  cm.;  surface  glabrous, 
laccate,  shining,  radiate-rugose,  concentrically  sulcate,  yellow  to 
reddish-chestnut,  at  length  opaque-dark-brown,  usually  marked 
near  the  margin  with  alternating  bay  and  tawny  zones;  margin 
usually  very  thin  and  acute,  often  curved  downward  and  undu- 
late, rarely  becoming  truncate,  white,  at  length  concolorous; 
context  soft-corky  or  woody,  radiate-fibrous,  concentrically 
banded,  ochraceous-f ulvous ;  tubes  0.5-2  cm.  long,  3-5  to  a  mm., 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  55 

brown  within,  mouths  circular  or  angular,  white  or  grayish- 
brown,  edges  thin,  entire;  spores  ovoid,  obtuse  at  the  base, 
attenuate  and  truncate  at  the  apex,  smooth,  yellowish-brown, 
9-11  X  6-8 /z;  stipe  laterally  attached,  usually  ascending,  irre- 
gularly cylindric,  1-4  X  0.5-1.5  cm.,  resembling  the  pileus  in 
color,  surface,  and  substance,  often  obsolete. 

Frequent  on  diseased  trunks  and  dead  stumps  of  both  de- 
ciduous and  coniferous  trees  from  New  England  to  Ohio  and 
Missouri  and  southward.  Very  similar  in  its  stipitate  forms  to 
Polyporus  lucidus  of  Europe.  G.  subperforatum  Atk.,  described 
from  Ohio,  is  probably  not  distinct. 

3.     GANODERMA  CURTISII  (Berk.)  Murrill 

Pileus  corky  to  woody,  reniform,  convex  above,  concave  below, 
5-10  X  8-15  X  1-2  cm.;  surface  glabrous,  ochraceous  to  lateri- 
ceous  or  bay,  at  first  laccate,  the  varnish  soon  disappearing, 
broadly  sulcate;  margin  obtuse  to  truncate,  sulcate,  ochraceous, 
entire,  glabrous;  context  soft-corky,  zonate,  ochraceous  above, 
fulvous  below,  5  mm.  thick;  tubes  perennial,  indistinctly  strati- 
fied, 5-8  mm.  long  each  season,  avellaneous-umbrinous  within, 
mouths  circular  to  slightly  angular,  3-5  to  a  mm.,  edges 
entire,  white  or  cremeous,  becoming  umbrinous;  spores  ovoid, 
attenuate  and  truncate  at  the  apex,  yellowish-brown,  9-11 
X  5-8/1;  stipe  usually  eccentric  or  lateral,  erect  or  ascending, 
equal  or  slightly  enlarged  above,  cylindric,  bay,  laccate,  the 
substance  similar  to  the  context  and  darker  at  the  center, 
5-10  X  2-3  cm. 

Frequent  from  New  York  to  Michigan  and  southward  on  or 
about  decayed  trunks  and  stumps  of  oaks  and  other  deciduous 
trees. 

39.     CERRENA    (Micheli)  S.  F.  Gray 

Hymenophore  small,  epixylous,  sessile,  conchate,  annual; 
surface  anoderm,  hairy  or  subglabrous,  zonate  or  sulcate;  con- 
text thin,  white,  fibrous,  flexible;  hymenium  at  first  labyrinthi- 
form,  soon  becoming  irpiciform  from  the  splitting  of  the  dissepi- 
ments; spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

i.     CERRENA  UNICOLOR  (Bull.)  Murrill 

Pileus  coriaceous,  sessile,  imbricate,  dimidiate  to  flabelliform, 
conchate,  often  laterally  confluent,  2.5-3.5  X  5-10  X  0.1-0.3 
cm.;  surface  villose-strigose,  rugose,  zonate,  plicate,  isabelline 
to  fulvous,  becoming  avellaneous  with  age  and  blackish  and 


56  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

nearly  glabrous  behind;  margin  acute,  undulate  to  lobed,  paler, 
zonate,  strigose-tomentose ;  context  very  thin,  membranous, 
white,  homogeneous,  scarcely  I  mm.  thick;  tubes  decurrent, 
labyrinthiform,  1-3  mm.  long,  white  or  isabelline  to  fuliginous  or 
umbrinous,  averaging  2  to  a  mm.,  edges  acute,  uneven,  soon 
becoming  dentate-lacerate,  giving  the  hymenium  an  irpiciform 
appearance;  spores  ovoid,  smooth,  hyaline,  4-6  X  3-4  p. 

Very  common  throughout  on  dead  deciduous  wood,  and  rarely 
on  coniferous  wood. 

40.     DAEDALEA  Pers. 

Hymenophore  epixylous,  usually  large  and  annual,  sessile, 
applanate  to  ungulate;  surface  anoderm,  glabrous,  often  zonate; 
context  white  or  wood-colored,  rigid,  woody  or  punky ;  hymenium 
normally  labyrinthiform,  but  varying  to  lamellate  and  porose  in 
some  species;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

Tubes  one  to  several  millimeters  in  transverse  diameter;  surface 

usually  brown  or  discolored. 
Pileus  thick,  triangular,  margin  obtuse. 

Context  isabelline;  found  on  oak  and  chestnut.  I.  D.  quercina. 

Context  white;  found  on  red  cedar  and  very  rare.  2.  D.  juniperina. 

Pileus  thin,  applanate,  margin  thin.  3.  D.  confragosa. 

Tubes  less  than  one  half  millimeter  in  transverse  diameter; 

surface  white  or  yellowish.  4.  D.  ambigua. 

1.  DAEDALEA  QUERCINA  (L.)  Pers. 

Pileus  corky,  rigid,  dimidiate,  sessile,  imbricate,  applanate, 
convex  below,  triangular  in  section,  6-12  X  9-20  X  2-4  cm.; 
surface  isabelline-avellaneous  to  cinereous  or  smoky-black  with 
age,  slightly  sulcate,  zonate  at  times,  tuberculose  to  colliculose 
in  the  older  portions;  margin  usually  thin,  pallid,  glabrous;  con- 
text isabelline,  soft-corky,  homogeneous,  5-7  mm.  thick;  tubes 
labyrinthiform,  becoming  nearly  lamellate  with  age  in  some 
specimens,  1-2  cm.  long,  1-2  mm.  broad,  chalk-white  or  dis- 
colored within,  edges  obtuse,  entire,  ochraceous  to  avellaneous. 

Very  common  throughout  on  stumps,  trunks,  and  timbers  of 
oak  and  chestnut. 

2.  DAEDALEA  JUNIPERINA  Murrill 

Sporophore  corky,  attached  by  a  broad,  often  decurrent  base 
and  composed  of  imbricate,  terraced  or  laterally  connate,  ungu- 
late pilei  2-5  X  2-7  X  1.5-3  cm.;  surface  irregular,  anoderm, 
finely  tomentose,  yellowish-white,  becoming  cinereous  with  age; 
marginal  edge  fertile,  concolorous,  not  rounded,  but  often 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  57 

forming  an  obtuse  angle;  context  corky,  white,  concentrically 
banded,  0.5-1  cm.  thick;  furrows  large,  labyrinthiform,  radially 
or  rarely  otherwise  elongate,  0.5-2  cm.  long,  1-3  mm.  wide, 
white  or  pallid,  edges  obtuse,  often  splitting  into  broad  irpiciform 
plates;  spores  smooth,  hyaline,  ovoid,  5-6  X  3-4  ju- 

Occasional  on  dead  stumps  and  trunks  of  red  cedarin  Missouri, 
Kansas,  and  Kentucky, 

3.    DAEDALEA  CONFRAGOSA  (Bolt.)  Pers. 

Pileus  corky  to  woody,  imbricate,  sessile,  dimidiate,  convex 
or  plane  above,  variable  in  size,  2-7  X  3-10  X  0.5-1.5  cm.; 
surface  multizonate,  rugose,  scrupose,  often  tuberculose,  becom- 
ing glabrous,  isabelline  or  avellaneous  to  latericeous-fuscous; 
margin  thin,  entire  to  lobed,  pallid,  fertile,  dark-brown  when 
bruised;  context  corky  to  woody,  white  to  avellaneous,  zonate, 
3-10  mm.  thick;  tubes  very  variable,  porose  or  labyrinthiform, 
often  becoming  lamellate  with  age,  0.5-1.5  mm.  broad,  5-10 
mm.  deep,  white  or  avellaneous  within,  mouths  grayish-pruinose 
when  young,  becoming  umbrinous  or  reddish-fuscous,  edges 
thin,  becoming  lacerate-dentate  and  often  fimbriate,  turning  at 
once  to  yellowish-brown  when  bruised;  spores  smooth,  hyaline, 
cylindric  to  ellipsoid,  5-8  X  2-3  p.. 

Extremely  common  throughout  on  various  forms  of  deciduous 
wood.  This  is  one  of  the  most  variable  species  known. 

4.    DAEDALEA  AMBIGUA  Berk. 

Pileus  corky,  reniform,  sessile  or  spuriously  stipitate,  simple, 
applanate,  8-12  X  10-20  X  0.5-1.5  cm.;  surface  glabrous, 
smooth,  azonate,  polished,  milk-white  to  yellowish,  sometimes 
purplish-black  with  age;  margin  rather  thin,  white,  entire  or 
undulate;  context  floccose,  zonate,  white,  4-8  mm.  thick;  tubes 
varying  from  circular  to  labyrinthiform,  minute,  white,  3  to  a 
mm.  measured  transversely,  4-6  mm.  deep,  edges  thick,  entire, 
white  to  isabelline;  spores  globose,  smooth,  hyaline,  2-3  p. 

Occasional  on  dead  trunks  of  deciduous  trees  in  Indiana,  Ohio, 
Missouri,  and  southward;  more  frequent  in  the  southern  states. 

41.     LENZITES   Fries 

Hymenophore  small,  annual,  epixylous,  sessile,  conchate; 
surface  anoderm,  usually  zonate  and  tomentose;  context  white, 
coriaceous,  flexible;  hymenium  lamellate,  the  radiating  gill-like 
dissepiments  connected  transversely  at  times,  especially  in 
youth;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 


58  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 

i.     LENZITES  BETULINA  (L.)  Fries 

Pileus  thin,  coriaceous,  sessile,  dimidiate  to  flabelliform, 
imbricate,  conchate,  3-4  X  4-7  X  0.3-1  cm.;  surface  conspicu- 
ously tomentose,  velvety,  multizonate,  somewhat  uneven,  often 
radiate-rugose  to  plicate,  avellaneous  with  latericeous  zones, 
becoming  olivaceous  with  age;  margin  thin,  undulate  to  lobed  at 
times;  context  very  thin,  white,  membranous,  scarcely  a  mm. 
thick;  furrows  slightly  anastomosing  when  very  young,  1-2  mm. 
broad,  3-10  mm.  deep,  edges  thin,  entire  to  undulate,  slightly 
notched  with  age,  cremeous  within,  ochroleucous  to  sordid- 
ochraceous  without;  spores  globose,  smooth,  hyaline,  6  /i. 

Extremely  common  throughout  on  various  forms  of  dead  de- 
ciduous wood  and  rarely  on  coniferous  wood. 

42.     GLOEOPHYLLUM   P.  Karst. 

Hymenophore  small,  annual,  epixylous,  sessile;  surface  hairy 
or  glabrous,  anoderm,  often  zonate;  context  tough,  brown; 
hymenium  normally  lamelloid  or  daedaleoid,  but  frequently 
poroid  in  some  species;  spores  smooth,  hyaline. 

Context  avellaneous  to  umbrinous,  furrows  about  0.5  mm.  broad.     I.  G.  trabeum. 
Context  ferruginous  to  castaneous,  furrows  about  I  mm.  broad.        2.  G.  hirsutum. 

i.     GLOEOPHYLLUM  TRABEUM  (Pers.)  Murrill 

Pileus  corky,  rather  soft,  dimidiate,  sessile,  laterally  connate, 
plane  or  convex  above,  nearly  plane  below,  2  X  4-8  X  0.5-1 
cm.;  surface  anoderm,  tomentose,  smooth  or  slightly  tubercular, 
usually  azonate,  opaque,  isabelline  when  fresh,  becoming  avel- 
laneous to  umbrinous  and  finally  fuliginous  behind,  changing 
immediately  to  ferruginous  or  fulvous  when  bruised;  margin 
very  thin,  nearly  entire,  ochroleucous;  context  soft,  punky, 
homogeneous,  dull-umbrinous,  1-3  mm.  thick;  tubes  annual, 
2-4  mm.  long,  ochroleucous  to  isabelline  within,  mouths  irregular, 
daedaleoid  or  radially  elongate,  averaging  0.5  mm.  in  width, 
edges  uneven,  isabelline  to  grayish-umbrinous  or  fulvous,  the 
transverse  walls  often  splitting  with  age  and  giving  the  hymenium 
a  lamelloid  appearance;  spores  cylindric,  smooth,  hyaline,  9-12 
X  3-4  /*• 

Common  throughout  on  dead  deciduous  and  coniferous  wood, 
structural  timbers  in  particular. 

2.     GLOEOPHYLLUM  HIRSUTUM  (Schaeff.)  Murrill 

Pileus  hard,  corky  to  woody,  slightly  flexible,  imbricate,  sessile, 
laterally  connate,  often  decurrent,  oblong-dimidiate  to  flabelli- 


NORTHERN  POLYPORES  59 

form,  conchate,  2-3  X  4-8  X  0.3-1  cm. ;  surface  zonate,  strigose- 
tomentose,  anoderm,  rather  uneven,  reddish-fulvous  to  fuliginous 
or  umbrinous;  margin  rather  thick,  sterile,  isabelline,  undulate, 
finely  tomentose,  becoming  acute  and  darker  in  age;  context 
soft-corky,  homogeneous,  fulvous,  about  2  mm.  thick;  tubes 
usually  lamelloid,  anastomosing  when  young,  ochraceous  to 
grayish-umbrinous,  0.5-1  mm.  broad,  2-5  mm.  deep,  edges 
thin,  undulate;  in  a  poroid  variety,  tubes  circular,  regular,  2  to 
a  mm.,  edges  thick,  firm,  entire;  spores  ellipsoid,  smooth,  hyaline, 
8-12  X  3-4  A*- 

Extremely  common  throughout  on  dead  coniferous  wood,  and 
rarely  on  deciduous  wood.  It  is  very  destructive  to  coniferous 
timber,  and  sometimes  causes  heart-rot  in  living  trunks. 

43.     CYCLOPORUS   Murrill 

Hymenophore  annual,  tough,  anoderm,  terrestrial,  centrally 
stipitate;  context  soft,  spongy,  ferruginous;  pores  at  first  poly- 
gonal, soon  becoming  continuous  concentric  furrows,  dissepi- 
ments thin,  lamelloid;  spores  ovoid,  smooth,  ferruginous. 

i.     CYCLOPORUS  GREENEI  (Berk.)  Murrill 

Pileus  circular,  obconic  to  explanate,  rarely  cespitose,  5-10 
cm.  broad,  5-10  mm.  thick  at  the  center,  much  thinner  at  the 
margin;  surface  undulate,  zonate,  tomentose  to  glabrous  and 
shining,  ferruginous  to  fulvous,  fuliginous-black  in  some  old 
plants;  margin  at  first  rounded,  sterile,  undulate,  isabelline, 
becoming  very  thin,  darker,  and  somewhat  eroded  with  age; 
context  spongy,  fragile,  zonate,  ferruginous  to  fulvous,  scarcely 
I  mm.  thick  in  mature  plants ;  tubes  oblong-polygonal  when  very 
young,  soon  becoming  concentric  furrows,  5-8  mm.  deep,  1-2 
mm.  wide,  undulate,  pale-fulvous  to  fuliginous,  edges  isabelline 
to  umbrinous,  very  thin,  uneven,  splitting  with  age;  spores  ovoid, 
smooth,  pale-ferruginous,  5-6  X  10-12  /*;  stipe  central,  enlarged 
above,  irregular,  tomentose,  fulvous  to  fuliginous,  spongy  and 
brown  within,  3-8  cm.  long,  1.5-2  cm.  thick. 

Occasional  on  the  ground  in  woods  from  New  England  to 
Iowa  and  southward. 


60  NORTHERN  POLYPORES 


SUPPLEMENTARY   NOTES 

Tyromyces  (Polyporus)  caesiosimulans  Atk.  Jour.  Myc.  6:  61.  1908.  Said  to 
be  near  T.  caesius  (Schrad.)  Murrill,  but  to  have  globose,  pedicellate  spores. 

Polyporus  confluens  (Alb.  &  Schw.)  Fries.  Reported  more  than  once  from 
America. 

Microporellus  dealbalus  (Berk.  &  Curt.)  Murrill.  Occasional  southward  in  the 
Mississippi  valley. 

Polyporus  epileucus  Fries.  Reported  from  South  Carolina  by  Curtis  and  said 
by  others  to  occur  northward. 

Tyromyces  (Polyporus)  fumidiceps  Atk.  Ann.  Myc.  6:  61.  1908.  Said  to  be 
near  T.  chioneus  (Fries)  Karst.,  but  to  have  a  darker  pileus  and  very  different 


Trametes  merisma  Peck,  Bull  N.  Y.  State  Mus.  139:  31.  1910.  Pendant  from 
the  lower  surface  of  dead  prostrate  beech  trunks. 

Polyporus  osseus  Kalchb.     Occasional  northward. 

Polyporus  pennsylvanicus  Sumstine,  Jour.  Myc.  13:  137.  1907.  Recently  re- 
ported also  from  Ohio  and  said  to  be  near  P.  caudicinus  (Scop.)  Murrill,  but 
worthy  of  distinct  rank. 

Scutiger  retipes  (Undenv.)  Murrill.     Reported  from  New  Jersey. 

Coriolus  sericeohirsutus  (KI.)  Murrill.     Occasional  southward. 

Polyporus  spumeus  (Sow.)  Fries.  Recently  reported  from  Ohio  as  being  very 
near  Spongipellis  deletions  (Peck)  Murrill,  but  having  smaller  tubes  and  more 
globose  spores.  Some  consider  it  the  same  as  S.  galactinus. 

Tyromyces  (Polyporus)  subpendulus  Atk.  Jour.  Myc.  6:  61.  1908.  Similar  to 
Porodisculus  pendulus  in  form  but  very  different  in  structure  and  occurring  on 
Tsuga. 

Cryptoporus  volvatus  (Peck)  Hubbard.  This  species  is  so  distinct  as  to  consti- 
tute a  new  tribe,  the  Volvatae,  characterized  by  the  presence  of  a  volva.  The 
sporophore  is  annual  and  matures  early  in  the  season,  so  that  the  volva  would 
probably  rupture  by  decay  in  time  to  distribute  the  spores  even  if  no  apertures 
were  present. 


INDEX  TO  GENERA  WITH  SPECIES 


Abortiporus,  26 

distortus,  26 
Antrodia,  37 

mollis,  37 
Aurantiporus,  33 

Pilotae,  33 
Bjerkandera,  17 

adusta,  1 8 

fumosa,  1 8 
Cerrena,  55 

unicolor,  55 
Cerrenella,  34 

farinacea,  34 
Coltricia,  40 

cinnamomea,  41 

focicoja,  42 

obesa,  42 

perennis,  41 

tomentosa,  42 
Coltriciella,  40 

dependens,  40 
Coriolellus,  9 

Sepium,  9 

serialis,  10 
Coriolopsis,  34 

rigida,  34 
Coriolus,  5 

abietinus,  9 

concentricus,  7 

Lloydii,  7 

molliusculus.  8 

nigromarginatus,  8 

planellus,  7 

prolificans,  9 

pubescens,  6 

subchartaceus,  8 

subluteus,  7 

versicolor,  6 
Cryptoporus,  43,  60 

volvatus,  43,  60 
Cycloporus,  59 

Greenei,  59 
Daedalea,  56 

ambigua,  57 

confragosa.  57 

juniperina,  56 

quercina,  56 
Elfvingia,  53 

lobata,  53 

megaloma,  53 
Elfvingiella,  52 

fomentaria,  52 
Fomes,  43 

annosus,  46 

Ellisianus,  46 
/f  fraxineus,  45 


Fomes,  fraxinophilus,  47 

Laricis,  47 

ohiensis,  45 

populinus,  47 

roseus,  44 

scutellatus,  45 

ungulatus,  46 
Fulvifomes,  49 

Everhartii,  50 

juniperinus,  50 

Ribis,  50 

Robiniae,  49 
Funalia,  35 

stuppea,  35 
Ganoderma,  54 

Curtisii,  55 

sessile,  54 

Tsugae,  54 
Globifomes,  51 

graveolens,  51 
Gloeophyllum,  58 

hirsutum,  58 

trabeum,  58 
Grifola,  29 

Berkeleyi,  31 

flavovirens,  30 

frondosa,  30 

Peckiana,  31 

ramosissima,  31 

Sumstinei,  30 
Hapalopilus,  35 

gilvus,  36 

rutilans,  35 
Hexagona,  20 

alveolaris,  21 

striatula,  21 
Inonotus,  37 

dryadeus,  38 

dryophilus,  38 

hirsutus,  38 

perplexus,  39 

radiatus,  39 
Irpiciporus,  4 

lacteus,  4 

mollis,  4 
Ischnoderma,  36 

fuliginosum,  36 
Laetiporus,  33 

speciosus,  33 
Lenzites,  57 

betulina,  58 
Phaeolus,  39 

sistotremoides,  40 
Piptoporus,  19 

suberosus,  19 
Polyporus,  21 
6l 


62  INDEX  TO  GENERA 

Polyporus,  admirabilis,  23  Scutiger  Ellisii,  27 
albiceps,  23  griseus,  28 

arcularius.  24  radicatus,  27 

caudicinus,  24  subradicatus,  28 

elegans,  25  Whiteae,  29 

fissus,  25  Spongipellis,  15 
fagicola,  22  borealis,  16 

humilis,  23  delectans,  17 

phaeoxanthus,  23  galactinus,  17,  60 

Polyporus,  22  occidentalis,  16 

Underwoodii,  25  unicolor,  16 

Porodaedalea,  51  Trametes,  18 

Pini,  51  robiniophUa,  18 

Porodisculu8,  20  suaveolens,  19 

pendulus,  20  Tyromyces,  10 

Poronidulus,  5  anceps,  15 

conchifer,  5  balsameus,  13 

Pycnoporellus,  32  Bartholomaei,  14 

fibrillosus,  32  caesius,  14 

Pycnoporus,  32  chioneus,  14 

cinnabarinus,  32  Ellisianus,  13 

Pyropolyporus,  48  guttulatus,  n 

Bakeri,  48  lacteus,  15 

conchatus,  49  obductus,  n 

fulvus,  48  semipileatus,  14 

igniarius,  48  semisupinus,  12 

Scutiger.  26  Spraguei,  12 

caeruleoporus,  27  tiliophila,  12 

cryptopus,  27  undosus,  13 


INDEX  TO  SPECIES 


abietinus  (Coriolus),  9 
admirabilis  (Polyporus),  23 
adusta  (Bjerkandera),  18 
albiceps  (Polyporus),  23 
alutaceus  (Polyporus),  u 
alveolaris  (Hexagona),  21 
ambigua  (Daedalea),  57 
anceps  (Tyromyces),  15 
annosus  (Fomes),  46 
arculariformis  (Polyporus),  24 
arcularius  (Polyporus),  24 
Bakeri  (Pyropolyporus),  48 
balsameus  (Tyromyces),  13 
Bartholomaei  (Tyromyces),  14 
Berkeley!  (Grifola),  31 
betulina  (Lenzites),  58 
biformis  (Coriolus),  9 
borealis  (Spongipellis),  16 
botryoides  (Polyporus),  52 
caeruleoporus  (Scutiger),  27 
caesiosimulans  (Tyromyces),  60 
caesius  (Tyromyces),  14 
caudicinus  (Polyporus),  24 
chioneus  (Tyromyces),  14 
cinnabarinus  (Pycnoporus),  32 
cinnamomea  (Coltricia),  41 
concentricus  (Coriolus),  7 
conchatus  (Pyropolyporus),  49 
conchifer  (Poronidulus),  5 
confluens  (Polyporus),  60 
confragosa  (Daedalea),  57 
crispellus  (Tyromyces),  13 
cristatus  (Polyporus),  30 
croceus  (Polyporus),  33 
cryptopus  (Scutiger),  27 
Curtisii  (Ganoderma),  55 
cuticularis  (Polyporus),  39 
dealbatus  (Microporellus),  60 
delectans  (Spongipellis),  17 
dependens  (Coltriciella),  40 
distortus  (Abortiporus),  26 
dryadeus  (Inonotus),  38 
dryophilus  (Inonotus),  38 
elegans  (Polyporus),  25 
Ellisianus  (Fomes),  46 
Ellisianus  (Tyromyces),  13 
Ellisii  (Scutiger),  27 
epileucus  (Polyporus),  60 
Everhartii  (Fulvifomes),  50 
fagicola  (Polyporus),  22 
farinacea  (Cerrenella),  34 
fibrillosus  (Pycnoporellus),  32 
fissus  (Polyporus),  25 
flavovirens  (Grifola),  30 
focicola  (Coltricia),  42 


fomentaria  (Elfvingiella),  52 
fractipes  (Polyporus),  24,  32 
fraxineus  (Fomes),  45 
fraxinophilus  (Fomes),  46,  47 
frondosa  (Grifola),  30 
fuliginosum  (Ischnoderma),  36 
fulvus  (Pyropolyporus),  48 
fumidiceps  (Tyromyces),  60 
fumosa  (Bjerkandera),  18 
galactinus  (Spongipellis),  17,  60 
giganteus  (Polyporus),  30 
gilvus  (Hapalopilus),  36 
glomeratus  (Polyporus),  39 
graveolens  (Globifomes),  51 
Greenei  (Cycloporus),  59 
griseus  (Scutiger),  28 
guttulatus  (Tyromyces),  n 
hirsutum  (Gloeophyllum),  58 
hirsutus  (Inonotus),  38 
hispida  (Trametes),  35 
hispidellus  (Polyporus),  28 
humilis  (Polyporus),  23 
igniarius  (Pyropolyporus),  48 
juniperina  (Daedalea),  56 
juniperinus  (Fulvifomes),  50 
lacteus  (Irpiciporus),  4 
lacteus  (Tyromyces),  15 
Laricis  (Fomes),  47 
Lloydii  (Coriolus),  7 
lobata  (Elfvingia),  53 
lucidus  (Polyporus),  55 
megaloma  (Elfvingia),  53 
merisma  (Trametes),  60 
mollis  (Antrodia),  37 
mollis  (Irpiciporus),  4 
molliusculus  (Coriolus),  8 
Montagnei  (Polyporus),  43 
nigromarginatus  (Coriolus),  8 
obductus  (Tyromyces),  n 
obesa  (Coltricia),  42 
occidentalis  (Spongipellis),  16 
ohiensis  (Fomes),  45 
osseus  (Polyporus.),  60 
Peckiana  (Grifola),  31 
pendulus  (Porodisculus),  20 
pennsylvanicus  (Polyporus),  60 
perennis  (Coltricia),  41 
perplexus  (Inonotus),  39 
Pilotae  (Aurantiporus),  33 
Pini  (Porodaedalea),  51 
phaeoxanthus  (Polyporus).  23 
planellus  (Coriolus),  7 
populinus  (Fomes),  47 
poripes  (Grifola),  30 
prolificans  (Coriolus),  9 


64  INDEX  TO  SPECIES 

puberula  (Bjerkandera),  18  spumeus  (Polyporus).  60 

pubescens  (Coriolus),  6  striatula  (Hexagona),  21 

quercina  (Daedalea),  56  stuppea  (Funalia),  35 

radiatus  (Inonotus),  39  suaveolens  (Trametes),  19 

radicatus  (Scutiger),  27  subchartaceus  (Coriolus),  8 

ramosissima  (Grifola),  31  suberosus  (Piptoporus),  19 

retipes  (Scutiger),  60  subluteus  (Coriolus),  7 

Ribis  (Fulvifomes),  50  subpendulus  (Tyromyces),  60 

rigida  (Coriolopsis),  34  subperforatum  (Ganoderma),  55 

Robiniae  (Fulvifomes),  49  subradicatus  (Scutiger),  28 

robiniophila  (Trametes),  18  Sumstinei  (Grifola),  30 

roseus  (Fomes),  44  tiliophila  (Tyromyces),  12 

rutilans  (Hapalopilus),  35  tomentosa  (Coltricia),  42 

scutellatus  (Fomes),  45  trabeum  (Gloeophyllum),  58 

semipileatus  (Tyromyces),  14  Tsugae  (Ganoderma),  54 

semisupinus  (Tyromyces),  12  Underwoodii  (Polyporus),  25 

Sepium  (Coriolellus),  9  undosus  (Tyromyces),  13 

serialis  (Coriolellus),  10  ungulatus  (Fomes),  46 

sericeohirsutus  (Coriolus),  60  unicolor  (Cerrena),  55 

sessile  (Ganoderma),  54  unicolor  (Spongipellis),  16 

sistotremoides  (Phaeolus),  40  versicolor  (Coriolus),  6 

speciosus  (Laetiporus),  33  volvatus  (Cryptoporus),  43,  60 

Spraguei  (Tyromyces),  12  Whiteae  (Scutiger),  29 


Manuals  of  Polypores  and  Boletes 

By  WILLIAM  A.  MURRILL,  A.M.,  PH.D.,  Assistant 
Director  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  Editor 
of  Mycologia,  and  Associate  Editor  of  North  Ameri- 
can Flora. 

Northern  Polypores,  issued  in  November,  1914      .     $1.00 
Including  species  found  in  Canada  and  the  United 
States  south  to  Virginia  and  west  to  the  Rockies. 

Southern  Polypores,  issued  in  January,  1915  .     .    $I.OO 
Including  species  found  in  the  United  States  from 
North  Carolina  to  Florida  and  west  to  Texas. 

Western  Polypores,  issued  in  February,  1915     .      .     $I.OO 
Including  species  found  in  the  states  on  the  Pacific 
coast  from  California  to  Alaska. 

Tropical  Polypores,  issued  in  March,  1915    .     .     .$1.50 
Including  species  found  in  Mexico,  Central  America, 
southern  Florida,  the  West  Indies,  and  other  islands 
between  North  America  and  South  America. 

American  Boletes,  issued  in  November,  1914     .     .     $l.OO 
Including  all  the  species  found  in  temperate  and 
tropical  North  America,  both  on  the  mainland  and 
on  the  islands,  south  to  South  America. 

The  above  prices  include  prepaid  postage,  even  to  foreign  countries.  No  reduc- 
tion is  made  to  any  one,  dealers  included.  The  author  regrets  that,  owing  to  the 
small  editions,  no  copies  can  be  distributed  for  examination,  but  a  free  desk  copy 
will  be  supplied,  if  requested,  with  an  order  for  ten  copies  of  the  same  book  sent 
to  one  address. 

Remit  by  Postoffice  or  Express  Money  Order,  or,  if  by 
Check,  please  add  Exchange. 

W.  A.  MURRILL 

Bronxwood  Park 

NEW  YORK  CITY 


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